study guide Flashcards
(Daniel Shays) a veteran of the
Revolution
(Daniel Shays) believed that he was fighting anew against
tyranny
(Daniel Shays) led Shays’
Rebellion, condemned to death but was later pardoned
(Land Ordinance of 1785) provided for the sale of land in the old northwest and
earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt
(three-fifths compromise) determined that each slave would be counted as
three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation
(three-fifths compromise) the compromise granted disproportionate
political power to southern slave states
(northwest ordinance of 1787) created a policy for administering the
northwest territories
(northwest ordinance of 1787) it included a path to
statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories
(The Whiskey Rebellion) popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern
Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey
(The Whiskey Rebellion) in a show of strength and resolve by the new central gov, Washington
put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states
(Judiciary Act of 1789) organized the federal legal system, establishing the
supreme court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general
(Bank of the United States) chartered by congress as part of
alexander hamilton’s financial program
(Bank of the United States) the bank printed paper
money and served as a depository for Treasury funds
(Bank of the United States) it drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans who argued
that the bank was unconstitutional
(Jay’s Treaty) negotiated by chief justice john jay in an effort to
avoid war with Britain
(Jay’s Treaty) the treaty included a British promise to evacuate
outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels
(Jay’s Treaty) british promise was in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay
pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain’s restrictive trading policies toward France
(Revolution of 1800) electoral victory of democratic republicans over the federalists, who lost their
congressional majority and the presidency
(Revolution of 1800) the peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified
faith in America’s political system
(Judiciary Act of 1801) passed by the departing federalist congress, it created sixteen new
federal judgeships ensuring a federalist hold on the judiciary
(Louisiana Purchase) acquisition of louisiana territory from
france
(Louisiana Purchase) the purchase more than doubled the —- of the United States, opening…
territory; vast tracts for settlement
(Louisiana Purchase) was a secret
dealing
(Louisiana Purchase) showed that America was stronger and more
powerful; encouraged western expansion
(Louisiana Purchase) jefferson didn’t follow strict
interpretation of the constitution
(Embargo Act) enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of
all goods from the United States to any foreign port
(Embargo Act) the embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting
the European targets and was therefore repealed in 1809
(Embargo Act) significance: we didn’t need to fight to show that we
had dominance; strained economy
(battle of tippecanoe) resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief
Tenskwatawa “the Prophet” at the hands of William Henry Harrision in the Indiana wilderness
(battle of tippecanoe) After the battle, Prophet’s brother, Tecumseh, forged an
alliance with the British against the United States
(battle of tippecanoe) significance: show strife between americans and
indians→indians allied with our enemy
(battle of tippecanoe) significance: Harrison is known as a
god-like official because of Tippecanoe
(Battle of new Orleans) resounding victory of American forces against the
British, restoring American confidence and fueling outpouring of nationalism
(Battle of new Orleans) led to confidence, nationalism, and established
Jackson as a hero
(American system) henry clay’s three-pronged system to promote
American industry
(American system) clay advocated a strong
banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network
(tallmadge amendment) failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into
Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation
(tallmadge amendment) southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a
threat to the sectional balance between North and south
(How did the principle of equality influence American society after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence) property-holding requirements for
voting were reduced
(How did the principle of equality influence American society after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence) ordinary people gained titles that used to be reserved for
high-class citizens
(How did the principle of equality influence American society after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence) servitude was
unknown
(How did the principle of equality influence American society after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence) employers were called boss instead of
master
(How did the principle of equality influence American society after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence) the institution of slavery was
challenged
(How did the principle of equality influence American society after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence) separation of church and
state
(What distinguishes constitutions in America from a constitution in the British tradition) in britain constitutions are not written, but instead, they are
the combination of laws customs and precedents
(What distinguishes constitutions in America from a constitution in the British tradition) in america, however, constitutions were contracts that defined
governmental authority and drew their power from the people, instead of a king
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) there was no
executive branch
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) judicial power was left to
states
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) congress was
weak
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) states didn’t want to give any power to
an American parliament
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) congress couldn’t regulate trade, leading to conflicting laws concerning
tariffs and navigation from the states
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) congress couldn’t enforce the
tax-collection program
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) couldn’t command
control from states
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) couldn’t act directly on
individuals
(What were the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation) couldn’t secure itself against
indignities
(what events and situations motivated a desire for a stronger central government in some americans) foreign relations in america were
troubled
(what events and situations motivated a desire for a stronger central government in some americans) pirates were ravaging America’s
commerce and enslaving American sailors
(what events and situations motivated a desire for a stronger central government in some americans) economic issues regarding system of
raising money
(what events and situations motivated a desire for a stronger central government in some americans) shays’s rebellion: massachusetts farmers
led a rebellion due to the loss of their farms
(What compromises were required to produce the Constitution) Great Compromise: larger states given representation by
population in the House, smaller states given equal representation in the senate
three-fifths compromise
(How did the Anti-Federalists view the proposed Constitution) they opposed the
stronger federal government
(How did the Anti-Federalists view the proposed Constitution) saw it as a plot to steal the
power back from the common people
(How did the Anti-Federalists view the proposed Constitution) considered it to be antidemocratic and thought it would
override state sovereignty
(What was the ratification process for the Constitution, and how did the Federalists eventually triumph) state conventions, nine states had to
ratify
(What was the ratification process for the Constitution, and how did the Federalists eventually triumph) small states accepted the Constitution, considering it to be better than
they expected
(What was the ratification process for the Constitution, and how did the Federalists eventually triumph) to win over other states, the Federalists used the
federalist papers which served as commentary on the Constitution
(What important protections were added to the Constitution in the Bill of Rights) it protected the American principles of
freedom of religion, speech and the press
right to bear arms and trial by jury
right to assemble and petition the gov. for redress of grievances
prohibited cruel and unusual punishment and arbitrary seizure of private property
(What were the components of Hamilton’s economic policy, and what did he hope to accomplish with that policy) he wanted to strengthen national
credit, wanted national debt and a national bank
(What were the components of Hamilton’s economic policy, and what did he hope to accomplish with that policy) his plan was to shape the policies of the administration to
favor wealthier groups
(What were the components of Hamilton’s economic policy, and what did he hope to accomplish with that policy) components: funding at par→government would pay off
debts at face value
(What were the components of Hamilton’s economic policy, and what did he hope to accomplish with that policy) assumption→state debts would be regarded as
national obligation
(What were the components of Hamilton’s economic policy, and what did he hope to accomplish with that policy) tariffs, excise tax, Bank
of the United States
(What two constitutional theories were presented by Jefferson and Hamilton when Washington asked about the constitutionality of creating a national bank) jefferson stated that the Constitution gave no specific authorization for a
financial octopus, thus states were the only ones that had power to charter bans since all powers that aren’t specifically granted to central gov were reserved to states
(What two constitutional theories were presented by Jefferson and Hamilton when Washington asked about the constitutionality of creating a national bank) hamilton stated that the constitution permits what it does not
forbid→invoked the necessary and proper clause→gov was specifically empowered to collect taxes and regulate commerce
(Why did Washington opt for neutrality during the French Revolution) Washington opted for neutrality because the U.S. was militarily and economically
weak and politically disunited
(Why did Washington opt for neutrality during the French Revolution) washington believed that if America could avoid war with Europe for a while, it would be
populous and powerful enough to assert its rights with strength and success
(What were the domestic and international consequences of Jay’s Treaty) Jay’s Treaty caused Spain to strike a
deal with the U.S.
(What were the domestic and international consequences of Jay’s Treaty) Pinckney’s Treaty granted Americans essentially everything they wanted which included
free navigation of the Mississippi, right of deposit at New Orleans, and large territory of western Florida
(What were the domestic and international consequences of Jay’s Treaty) Jay’s treaty vitalized the
Democratic- Republican party
(What were the domestic and international consequences of Jay’s Treaty) Jay’s Treaty caused southern planters to have to pay
pre-Revolutionary war debts
(What laws were being responded to in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and what was jefferson’s proposed remedy) responding to the
alien and sedition acts
(What laws were being responded to in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and what was jefferson’s proposed remedy) jefferson secretly created a list of
resolutions, approved by the kentucky legislature
(What laws were being responded to in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and what was jefferson’s proposed remedy) jefferson’s resolutions stressed the
compact theory
(What laws were being responded to in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and what was jefferson’s proposed remedy) compact theory→the states, through creating the federal government, entered into a contract concerning its
jurisdiction
(What laws were being responded to in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and what was jefferson’s proposed remedy) compact theory continued: the national gov was an agent of the
states and therefore the states were the final judges of whether the gov was overstepping its authority
(How did John Adams handle foreign affairs with France) adams tried to reach an agreement with the French, appoin..
appointing a diplomatic commission
(How did John Adams handle foreign affairs with France) this commission, with John Marshall as one of the diplomats, met with three
go-betweens who tried to bribe them→XYZ affair
(How did John Adams handle foreign affairs with France) commission returned to the U.S., refusing to
comply with the bribes
(who would likely support Hamiltonian federalists, and who would likely support Jeffersonian Republicans? What were the philosophical differences between these two political parties?) the democrats would likely support hamiltonian federalists because the
federalists advocated a strong central government
(who would likely support Hamiltonian federalists, and who would likely support Jeffersonian Republicans? What were the philosophical differences between these two political parties?) republicans would likely support jeffersonian republicans because they demanded a weak
central government, and Republicans hold that ideal
(who would likely support Hamiltonian federalists, and who would likely support Jeffersonian Republicans? What were the philosophical differences between these two political parties?) federalists advocated strong central government and rule by the
best people, also believed that gov should support but not interfere with private enterprise
(who would likely support Hamiltonian federalists, and who would likely support Jeffersonian Republicans? What were the philosophical differences between these two political parties?) republicans advocated weak central gov and believed that there shouldn’t be
any special privileges that come with class advocated rule of the people
(What were the main military engagements in the War of 1812 and what was the outcome of each) battle of the thames→
redcoats were overtaken by general harrison’s army and were beaten
(What were the main military engagements in the War of 1812 and what was the outcome of each) Battle at Plattsburgh→
thomas macdonough confronted the british with a “fresh broadside” and defeated them
(What were the main military engagements in the War of 1812 and what was the outcome of each) battle of new orleans→
american victory; andrew jackson became a national hero
(in what ways did nationalism, inspired by the war of 1812, manifest itself) birth of national literature→
Washiington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, school textbooks written by Americans, North American Review
(in what ways did nationalism, inspired by the war of 1812, manifest itself) American
painters, Bank of the United States revived, handsome national capitol, army expanded
(How did Henry Clay’s American System aim to increase national unity and economic development) plan for creating a
profitable economy
(How did Henry Clay’s American System aim to increase national unity and economic development) banking system:
easy and abundant credit
(How did Henry Clay’s American System aim to increase national unity and economic development) protective tariff: allow eastern
manufacturing to be successful
(How did Henry Clay’s American System aim to increase national unity and economic development) network of roads and canals: transport raw materials
across the nation
(What were the circumstances that resulted in the Missouri Compromise) missouri wanted to be admitted as a
slave state, but Tallmadge Amendment was passed and southerners were enraged
(What were the circumstances that resulted in the Missouri Compromise) missouri as a slave state would cause an issue in the senate regarding
representation of free and slave states
(What were the circumstances that resulted in the Missouri Compromise) there was concern over whether slavery would be able to
thrive or not
(How did Chief Justice John Marshall’s Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal power and defend the Constitution’s economic provisions) McCullough v. Maryland:he strengthened federal power through denying
Maryland’s right to tax the Bank
(How did Chief Justice John Marshall’s Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal power and defend the Constitution’s economic provisions) Cohens v. Virginia: strengthened federal authority by asserting Supreme Court right to
review the decisions of state supreme courts in all questions involving the powers of the federal gov
(How did Chief Justice John Marshall’s Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal power and defend the Constitution’s economic provisions) Gibbons v. Ogden: blow to states’ rights by reminding NY that Congress alone had
authority of interstate trade
(What motivated the creation of the Monroe Doctrine and what were its main assertions) European monarchs were attempting to get rid of the
democratic revolutions that sprouted up
(What motivated the creation of the Monroe Doctrine and what were its main assertions) monroe asserted:
colonization in Americas was over
No European intervention→ intervention would be considered threat to U.S
