civil war study guide Flashcards
1878: constitutional
compromise on slavery
1820: missouri compromise prohibits slavery above
36°30’ in Louisiana Territory, with the exception of Missouri
1831:
nat turner slave rebellion
1831: william lloyd garrison publishes
the liberator, an abolitionist newspaper
1845:
texas admitted to the union
1846-1848: war between
the United States and Mexico
1850: Compromise of 1850 includes
california entering Union as free state. tougher fugitive slave law is enacted
1852: publication of ….by …raises issue of slavery throughout the country
uncle tom’s cabin; harriet beecher stowe
1854: ….causes more sectional..
kansas-nebraska act; tension
1856: preston brooks of south carolina attacks massachusetts senator charles sumner on the floor of the Senate with a …, seriously injuring him, after Sumner’s…
cane; “Crime Against Kansas” speech
1857: Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision opens
federal territories to slavery and outrages many in the North
1859: John Brown’s raid on
Harpers Ferry increases tensions
1860: a series of fires in Texas during the summer spreads rumors of
slave insurrection across the South
nov 1860: Abraham Lincoln
elected as the first Republican president
Dec. 20, 1860: the first state to secede from the Union is
South Carolina
Jan 9-Feb 1 1861: the following states secede:
mississippi, florida, alabama, georgia, louisiana, texas
Feb-March 1861: seven southern states write a constitution for the… in …
Confederate States of America; Montgomery, Alabama
March 1861: Lincoln’s first inaugural speech states the following:
“I have no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists.”
April 12-13 1861: Confederate bombardment results in the
surrender of Fort Sumter
April 15 1861: Lincoln calls for
volunteers to suppress the rebellion
April 17-June 8 1861: In response to Lincoln’s call for volunteers, the following four states of the Upper South secede:
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee
May 20 1861: Confederate Congress votes to move the national government from
Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia
July 21, 1861: Battle of First Manassas (Bull Run) results in a …., which builds confidence in the … and convinces the … the war will be..
Confederate victory; South; North; longer and harder than first thought
causes of the Civil War:
missouri compromise nat turner's rebellion wilmot proviso compromise of 1850 uncle tom's cabin bleeding kansas dred scott v. sanford john brown's raid abraham lincoln's election battle of fort sumter
(missouri compromise) in the 1800s the US was growing from the original 13 colonies and adding
new states and territories
(missouri compromise) citizens had varying ideas about how the land should be settled, either with
free labor or slave labor
(missouri compromise) northern free states thought white southerners were
lazy, aristocratic, wealthy people who gained success from slaves
(missouri compromise) southern slave states thought northerners were greedy
capitalists, materialistic, and commercialists
(missouri compromise) congress wanted to establish a policy to guide how slavery would
expand in the western territory
(missouri compromise) missouri’s application for statehood caused controversy because there would be an
imbalance between free and slave states in Congress
(missouri compromise) pro-slavery people would gain a
congressional majority
(missouri compromise) missouri was admitted as a slave state and …. as a free state to..
Maine; preserve the balance
(missouri compromise) The … was drawn, dividng the ….
36°30’; free and slave states in the north and south
(missouri compromise) according to jefferson, missouri compromise was the
beginning of the end of the Union
(nat turner’s rebellion) a slave named Nat Turner started an uprising that
spread through plantations in southern Virginia
(nat turner’s rebellion) Turner and .. others killed about..
70; 60 whites
(nat turner’s rebellion) …were used to suppress the rebellion after ..
militia; two days
(nat turner’s rebellion) … slaves were tried and executed for …
55; helping with the rebellion
(nat turner’s rebellion) …more slaves were killed by..
200; mobs
(nat turner’s rebellion) virginia responded by taking the few…
rights of Blacks away
(nat turner’s rebellion) Southerners feared
further uprisings
(nat turner’s rebellion) most fatalities in the south that ever
occurred at this point
(nat turner’s rebellion) shows how slaves were progressing in their fight against… and shows how African Americans…
injustice; rise up and gain power
(the wilmot proviso) legislation proposed by david wilmot at the end of the
mexican-american war
(the wilmot proviso) would have outlawed slavery in the
territory that the U.S> gained from Mexico
(the wilmot proviso) territory that U.S. gained from Mexico was the majority of
Southwest and all the way to Cali
(the wilmot proviso) when the proviso was being considered, talk of…
secession began
(the wilmot proviso) was not
passed
(the wilmot proviso) ratcheted up …between North and South over the issue of
tensions; slavery
(the wilmot proviso) played a role in the
compromise of 1850
(the wilmot proviso) the amendment passed the .. but not the ..
House; Senate
(the wilmot proviso) proviso was endorsed by … of nearly all..
legislatures; free states
(the compromise of 1850) kind of made missouri compromise invalid because of
california’s admission as a free state
(the compromise of 1850) southerners agreed to strengthen… if california was to be…
Fugitive Slave Act; free
(the compromise of 1850) compromise established by
judicial courts
(the compromise of 1850) everyone’s responsibility to reclaim slaves, even
those in North
(the compromise of 1850) those who wouldn’t return slaves would be fined…and would go to jail for at least..
$1000, 6 months
(the compromise of 1850) congress was not allowed to promote or stop …through the compromise
slave trade
(the compromise of 1850) … and … created the compromise
henry clay; stephen douglas
(the compromise of 1850) prevented further territorial expansion of …, but strengthened the ..
slavery; fugitive slave act
(the compromise of 1850) … and … territory would be free or slave based on…
New Mexico; Utah; popular sovereignty
(the compromise of 1850) ended the slave trade in
washington d.c.
(the compromise of 1850) widely opposed in both the north and south, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over
slavery
(the compromise of 1850) north got the better … in the compromise of 1850
deal
(uncle tom’s cabin) written by
harriet beecher stowe
(uncle tom’s cabin) discussed slave life and opened northerners’ eyes to the
horros of slavery
(uncle tom’s cabin) southerners …the work
protested
(uncle tom’s cabin) second… in America in the 19th century
best selling book
(uncle tom’s cabin) brought the issue of slavery to
life
(uncle tom’s cabin) heightened northern support for .. and escalated the ..
abolition; sectional conflict
(uncle tom’s cabin) inspired many to ignore the … and it influenced the ..
fugitive slave law; youth
(uncle tom’s cabin) was read
internationally
(uncle tom’s cabin) discussed the separation of
slave families
(bleeding kansas) kansas-nebraska act of 1854 had overturned parts of the missouri compromise, allowing for the territories to become free or slave based on
popular sovereignty
(bleeding kansas) pro-and anti-slavery people flooded kansas, hoping to
influence the outcome
(bleeding kansas) the opposing struggled for.. years and …broke out
5; violence
(bleeding kansas) … lives taken
56
(bleeding kansas) the violence shocked the nation and foreshadowed the
upcoming Civil War
(bleeding kansas) fought until 1861, when it merged with the
national Civil War
(bleeding kansas) some of the northerners entering Kansas were financed by… and …
abolitionists; free-sooilers
(bleeding kansas) the….. sent about 2000 people to Kansas
New England Emigrant Aid Company
(bleeding kansas) southerners considered this betrayal because they had supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act with the belief that Kansas would be a
slave state and Nebraska would be free
(bleeding kansas) when the day came to elect a territorial legislature in kansas, proslavery people came to vote early and often and so legislature was made up of
slavery supporters
(bleeding kansas) free soilers then established their own legislature in .. leaving kansans to choose between the …
Topeka; two governments
(dred Scott v. sanford) dred scott was a virginia slave that used for his freedom in court based on his extended residence in the
free states of Illinois and Wisconsin
(dred Scott v. sanford) the case reached the Supreme Court where the Court asserted that slaves were
property that did not have legal rights
(dred Scott v. sanford) apparently, according to Constituiton, slavery could not be
banned
(dred Scott v. sanford) the consideration of slaves as property made the government’s authority to regulate slavery
ambiguous
(dred Scott v. sanford) southerners then renewed challenges on
territorial limitations on slavery
(dred Scott v. sanford) extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that congress didn’t have the power to prohibit slavery in
any territory
(dred Scott v. sanford) declared that slaves were not
citizens
(dred Scott v. sanford) reasoning that 5th amendment forbade congress to deprive people of
property without due process
(dred Scott v. sanford) ruling implied that the missouri compromise was … and that slavery can’t be …
unconstitutional; banned from the territories
(dred Scott v. sanford) angered .. and ..
northerners; republicans
(dred Scott v. sanford) republicans considered the decision to be an
opinion
(dred Scott v. sanford) supreme court favoring slaveowners but public isn’t shocked because a lot judges are
slave owners
(john brown’s raid) abolitionist john brown captured
weapons and proslavery leaders
(john brown’s raid) in 1859, Brown organized a group of white allies and free blacks and raided a … in …
government arsenal; Harpers Ferry, Virginia
(john brown’s raid) brown hoped to seize weapons to give to … to spark a series of .. and establish a … for slaves
southern slaves; slave uprisings; sanctuary
(john brown’s raid) brown captured the arsenal but was surrounded forced to surrender by soldiers under
colonel lee’s command
(john brown’s raid) tried for treason and decided to be … for his cause, becoming a ..
executed; martyr
(john brown’s raid) his raid alarmed southerners who believed that Northerners shared in
brown’s extremism
(john brown’s raid) in seizing the arsenal, brown killed … innocent people and injured about … more
7; 10
(john brown’s raid) the slaves didn’t know what was
going on
(abraham lincoln’s election) abraham lincoln was the first
republican president
(abraham lincoln’s election) his anti-slavery outlook made southernrs
afraid
(abraham lincoln’s election) after his election, … seceded, beginning the chain of…
South Carolina; secession
(the battle of fort sumter) with secession, fort sumter became an … in a foreign land
outpost
(the battle of fort sumter) abraham lincoln decided to send an … to … but southerners saw it as ..
expedition; provision; reinforcement
(the battle of fort sumter) confederate warships turned back supply convoy to fort sumter when Union naval force was on its way and opened a
34 hour bombardment
(the battle of fort sumter) honor demanded a response and Lincoln called for … from the states to volunteer
75,000 militiamen
(North) climate favors smaller
family farms
(North) short
growing season
(North) natural resources:
coal, timber, iron, water power
(North) … population lived in .. areas
1/4; urban
(North) larger population that was growing rapidly due to
immigration
(North) high … rate of
literacy; 95%
(North) free labor: created
monopolies
(North) 5% of population owned … of total …
70%; property
(North) …economy
industrial (mass production)
(North) far…
farming
(North) canals and roads financed by
states and banks
(North) … of all railroad lines
2/3
(North) opposed the expansion of
slavery
(North) favored government intervention in
economy and social issues
(North) states’ rights–
personal liberty laws
(North) democrat (1800-) national party-
favored slavery
(North) whig (1834-1854) 2 wings: loyal to
Union and antislavery; loyal to region and slavery
(North) free soil (1848-1854)—
opposed slavery
(North) republican (1854-) sectional party– opposed
expansion of slavery
(South) climate favors larger
farms and plantations
(South) long
growing season
(South) soil and climate to grow crops including:
tobacco, cotto, rice, sugar
(South) .. population lived in … areas along rivers or coasts (…)
1/10; urban; shipping ports
(South) smaller
population
(South) lower … rate of …
literacy; 50% among blacks and whites
(South) slave
labor
(South) … population didn’t own slaves
2/3
(South) some
industry
(South) … economy
agrarian (mass production)
(South) exported raw material to
free states & Europe
(South) … of railroad lines–… difficult
35%; transportation
(South) favored expansion of
slavery
(South) opposed government interference in
economy or social issues
(South) states’ rights– citizens have a right to take … anywhere
property (slaves)
(South) democrat(1800-) national party-
favored slavery
(South) whig (1834-1854) 2 wings:
loyal to Union and antislavery/ loyal to region and slavery
(kansas-nebraska act) government needed to decide if kansas and nebraska would be
a free state or slave state
(kansas-nebraska act) made 1820 decision
invalid yet again
(kansas-nebraska act) propsed that the issue of slavery be decided by
popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories
(kansas-nebraska act) introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a
northern transcontinental railroad
(kansas-nebraska act) the northerns now felt justified in disregarding the … because … was …
fugitive slave law; missouri compromise; revoked
(preparations for Civil War) lincoln believed that secession was impractical and would result in controversy over
national debt, federal territories, and fugitive-slave issue
(preparations for Civil War) fort
sumter
(preparations for Civil War) 11 states seceded→
sumbissionists
(preparations for Civil War) lincoln called for Union states to supply
militiamen
(preparations for Civil War) lincoln declared that the reason for war was to preserve the Union so that the
border states would not secede as well
(preparations for Civil War) five civilized tribes sided with the
confederacy
(preparations for Civil War) southern men were accustomeed to managing
horses and bearing arms
(preparations for Civil War) south was able to fight … on their own land didn’t necessarily have to
defensively; win
(preparations for Civil War) south able to sezie
weapons and resources from the Union
(preparations for Civil War) north had … of the nation’s wealth and of the …
3/4; railroad system
(preparations for Civil War) north had a larger … and larger access to …
population;; resources
(preparations for Civil War) union worked to prevent European forces from
aiding the Confederaccy→ent supplies and cotton to Britain
(preparations for Civil War) union blockaded
southern ports
(preparations for Civil War) both south and north implemented a
draft to have more men serving
(preparations for Civil War) lincoln increased his …, acting withouyt …, and violating the …
authority; Congress; writ of habeas corpus
(John Brown) led some of his followers to …. where they slaughtered … men, causing … from.. … forces
Pottawatomie Creek; five; retaliation; proslavery
Confederacy capitals:
montgomery, Alabama
Richmond, Virginia
Union capital:
washington, D.C.
(battle of bull run) lincoln decided to attack a confederate force at bull run to show superiorty of …. and possibly lead to the …
Union weapons; capture of Richmond
(battle of bull run) however, the … won, and the notion of a quick … was dfeated
Confederates; quick end to the ar
(Seven Days’ Battles) McClellan attacked, moving toward
Richmond
(Seven Days’ Battles) when McClellan came within Sight of Richmond and attacked Stonewall jackson, Lee launched a … which was the … and McClellan had to ..
counterattac; seven days’ battles; retreat
(Second Battle of Bull Run) in this battle, general lee… the union forces, led by general…
defeated; john pope
(Second Battle of Bull Run) lee’s victory in this battle provided the morale that resulted in the Confederate troops’ movement ot … and thus resulted in the …
Maryland; battle at antietam creek
(Battle at Antietam Creek) with the knowledge of Lee’s battle plans, general mcClellan’s men conronted
lee’s army at at Antietam
(Battle at Antietam Creek) the battle resulted in a .. when General Robert Lee’s men..
Union victory; receded
(Battle of Gettysburg) this battle was lengthy and grueling, and there was no clear sign of who the victor would be until the
end
(Battle of Gettysburg) the union… in the battle that marked the beginning of the end for the ..
prevailed; confederacy
(Battle of shiloh) bloody battle on the tennessee-mississippi border that resulted in deaths of over … soldiers and ended in a …
23,000; marginal union victory
(Battle of shiloh) grant had attempted to capture the junction of the … in the Mississippi Valley, but the battle …
Confederate railroads; destroyed these plans
(why battles happened where they happened) Armies fought along … to cripple the enemy by
trade routs; restricting resources
(why battles happened where they happened) battles usually fought where one side was … something or trying to obtain something important such as …
defending; train stations, forts, or important cities
(why battles happened where they happened) topography/lay of the land→positing of soldiers had strategic
advantages such as high ground or natural barriers
(why battles happened where they happened) road networks, railroad networks, and waterways→important for
transportation of troops and supplies
(why battles happened where they happened) waterways→control of some waterways would prevent the enemy from
moving through/beyond that waterway
(why battles happened where they happened) importance of the area→
capturing such captials would likely end the war
(why battles happened where they happened) reliable intelligence: information on location of enemy was rare and typically
resulted in battles
(emancipation proclamation) following the battle of antietam, lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation because he got the
victory he needed
(emancipation proclamation) declared all slaves in rebelling states to be … but did not affect slavery in the ..
free; non-rebelling Border States
(emancipation proclamation) closed the door on possible comrpomise with the south and encouraged thousands of
southern slaves to free the union lines
(emancipation proclamation) lincoln’s challenge was that the U.S. constitution didn’t
prohibit slavery
(emancipation proclamation) individual states could outlaw slavery, but not the
u.s. government
(emancipation proclamation) lincoln used his background as a lawyer to
come up with a solution
(emancipation proclamation) property captured (contraband) belongs to the army that
captured it and its government
(emancipation proclamation) thus, lincoln stated inthe proclamation that any property (including slaves) captured by U.S. military forces would be
freed
(emancipation proclamation) the war now was no longer jsut about preserving the …, it was also about …
Union; freeing the slaves
(emancipation proclamation) the proclamation didn’t afffect slaves in the … becasuse lincoln didn’t want to further..
border states; disunion
(emancipation proclamation) thousands of slaves
escaped
(emancipation proclamation) the proclamation strengthened the … of the Union and foreshadowed the …
moral cause; end of slavery
(emancipation proclamation) issued on september
22, 1862
(emancipation proclamation) went into effect
january 1, 1862
(emancipation proclamation) executive government and military would enforce the
freedom of the former slaves
(emancipation proclamation) if the states sent representatives to Congress, they wouldn’t be considered to be in …a nd would thus be able to ..
rebellion; keep their slaves
(emancipation proclamation) slaves could… or … in …
work; serve; armed forces
(battle of antietam) resulted in confederate army leaving
maryland
(battle of antietam) in september of 1862, general lee left the south and moved his army into …
maryland
(battle of antietam) union soldiers found a copy of lee’s plans wrapped around … and gave them to…
cigars; general mcclellan
(battle of antietam) mcclellan’s army attack at
antietam creek
(battle of antietam) bloodiest single day in
american history
(battle of antietam) lee lost … men
10,300
(battle of antietam) mcclellan lost … men
12,400
(battle of antietam) lee was forced to .., and althought the Union won, they didn’t chase and fight Lee’s men, leaving the war to …
retreat; continue
(battle of antietam) forestalled foreign… and demonstrated the …of the Union army
intervention; prowess
(battle of antietam) britain and france were about to become involved through … but their plans were stropped after the Union victory at Antietam
diplomatic mediation
(special order 143) black troops would be designated as
regiment of U.S. colored troops
(special order 143) freed slaves could then repay the u.s. government for
granting them their freedom
(special order 143) having black troops would
increase the numbers of the Union army
(special order 143) blacks now directly involved in their
emancipation
(women’s role during the war ) women had to take on more
responsbilities
(women’s role during the war ) south: women took care of…, managing slaves and taking on strain of…
plantations; agricultural labor
(women’s role during the war ) north: women took care of … or farm work and were necessary for the success of war effort to ..
manufacturing; supply the army
(women’s role during the war ) lack of medical examination later in the war enabled women to
disguise themselves and fight
(how news spread to the home front):
word of mouth telegraph newspapers photography postal service letter writing
(how news spread to the home front) moved faster than it
ever did
(how news spread to the home front) newspaper reading increased more than it ever had, and it was through the newspapers that people received
most of the news about the war
(how news spread to the home front) casualty lists: names of people who died in the war so that civiliansn would be … but wasn’t necessarily accurate because they were created based on …
aware; rumors
(how news spread to the home front) photojournalism→us government had …travel with the armies and…
photographers; photograph the war
(how news spread to the home front) newspapers couldn’t show pictures that were taken because they were too gory, so this was toned down by having artists…
draw the photographs
(how news spread to the home front) letter writing brought more … and contact with…
…good news; home
(battle of gettysburg) general hooker, who was killed, replaced with general
george g. meade
(battle of gettysburg) pickett’s failed charge marked … for the …
destruction; confederacy
(battle of gettysburg) union
victory
(battle of gettysburg) lincoln delivers the
gettysburg address
(battle at vicksburg) general grant was given command of Union forces attackign
vicksburg, mississippi
(battle at vicksburg) vicksburg surrendered on … with port hudson falling … days later
july 4, 1863; 5
(battle at vicksburg) victory at vicksburg was one day after the
victory at gettysburg
(battle at vicksburg) victory added more economic….
stress to South
(battle at vicksburg) absolutely obliterated all hope for foregin intevention for …
confederates
(life of a soldier) 1 company=
100 men
(life of a soldier) men came from
factories and farms
(life of a soldier) in union, most soldiers were ages
16-23
(life of a soldier) average reb was:
white, native-born, farmer, protestant, single, ages 18-29, 5 feet 8 and about 143 lbs
(life of a soldier) most soldiers between ages 18 and 39 with average age of
25
(life of a soldier) men inspired by
patriotism, adventure, steady pay
(life of a soldier) northern soldiers inspired by
preservation of union
(life of a soldier) southern soldiers inspired by
defense of home
(life of a soldier) soldiers slept in log … durin gwinter and … during warm months
cabins; dog tents
(life of a soldier) wrote and received … and dealt with…
letters; homesickness
(life of a soldier) spent nearly all of their time drilling so that they could prepare for … and know how to …
bbattle; maneuver
(life of a soldier) everyone and everything
smelled
(life of a soldier) diarrhea wa the greatest
killer in the ar
(life of a soldier) more than 400,000 of the 620,000 soldiers that died in thwe war died from
disease
(life of a soldier) rifled musket killed more soldiers than anything expect
disease
(life of a soldier) amputation was treatment for
saving lives
(life of a soldier) soldiers who survived had to deal with the
traumatizing memories
(life of a soldier) soldiers faced: limited…, no physical mor mental…, home…., many
resources; comfort; homesickness; demands
(life of a soldier) confederates stole Union
tents
(life of a soldier) campfires and basic
blankets
(life of a soldier) drill: instruction/training in military…, marching, dressing …, marchin gand …, interacting with…
exercie; line; calling; fellow soldiers
(life of a soldier) drilled to prepare for … and learn how to .. and … guns
combat; load; prime
(life of a soldier) drums for daily activites and signaled … as well as keeping soldiers in… and motivated for battle
maneuvers; step
(life of a soldier) bugles useed for similar purpose by
artillery and cavalry
(life of a soldier) soldiers ate:
salted pork, beans adn rice, potatoes, molasses, vinegar, coffee
(life of a soldier) petty offenses→
extra duties
(life of a soldier) thievery and cowardice→
embarrassing punishment
(life of a soldier) spying and murder→
prison/ shot by firing squad
(life of a soldier) if committed crimes against civilians→
executed
(life of a soldier) wore wool uniforms that were
itchy and uncomfortable
(life of a soldier) north had better quality
uniforms
(life of a soldier) artillery used rifles and
smooth board cannons
(life of a soldier) bayonets attacked to rifles to make them
look intimidating
(life of a soldier) infantry used
rifle musket
(general william t. sherman) william tecumseh sherman to lead
georgia’s conquest
(general william t. sherman) sherman’s men burned…, destroyed…, bayonetted…, and stole …
buildings; railroads; family portraits; valuables
(general william t. sherman) purpose of sherman’s march was oto destroy confederate army’s … and weaken the soldiers’ …
supplies; morale
(general william t. sherman) sherman’s methods shortened … and saved…
struggle; lives
(general william t. sherman) sherman’s army captured … and headed toward.. and…
savannah; SC; NC
