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Biology 172 - Exam 3 > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the relationship between phenotype and genotype

A
  • genotype is the genetic makeup (DNA & RNA) -> transcription
  • phenotype is the physical makeup (protein) -> translation
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2
Q

Name the basic steps involved in transcription

A
  1. DNA unwinds
  2. One side of DNA “codes for a protein”
  3. Genetic code of DNA is a triplet code of 3 nucleotides or bases
  4. Each triplet is specific for the coding of a single amino acid
  5. Sequence of triplet codes on DNA will specify the amino acid sequence on the protein
  6. Major step is the synthesis of the coded “messenger” molecule - mRNA
  7. mRNA is “transcribed” from DNA by complementary base pairing (mRNA has no thymine, which is replaced by uracil)
  8. mRNA passes out of the cytoplasm to the ribosome
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3
Q

promoter region

A

The DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of a gene.

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4
Q

transcription factor

A
  • A protein that regulates the transcription of specific genes
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5
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that uses a DNA template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule during transcription.

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6
Q

Primary transcript

A

When mRNA is ready for splicing

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7
Q

Introns

A

A segment of mRNA that is removed prior to translation

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8
Q

Exons

A

The segments of the pre-mRNA that are included in the final mRNA molecule

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9
Q

Spliceosomes

A

cuts the pre-mRNA, removes the intron and joins the exons together

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10
Q

Mature mRNA

A

formed after exons are spliced together and is ready for translation

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11
Q

Describe the basic steps involved in translation

A
  1. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. A tRNA anticodon matches with the mRNA codon
  2. Usually first codon is AUG. The ribosome then slides over one codon on the mRNA.
  3. The new tRNA molecule carrying another amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.
  4. The amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
  5. A chain of amino acids is formed until a stop codon is reached.
  6. The amino acids become a protein when released from the ribosome. The chain twist up to make a protein
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12
Q

codon

A

a triplet of adjacent nucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule.

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13
Q

anticodon

A

The region of a tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA

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14
Q

tRNA

A

A specialized adapter molecule that brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis; contains an anticodon complementary to a specific codon in the mRNA.

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15
Q

small ribosomal subunit

A

binds the mRNA

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16
Q

large ribosomal subunit

A

binds to the small subunit to form the translation initiation complex

17
Q

termination factor

A

Any of several proteins in the cytosol that cut a completed polypeptide loose from a ribosome

18
Q

tRNA charging

A

The covalent attachment of the tRNA and the amino acid requires the hydrolysis of ATP. A tRNA to which an amino acid has been added (also known as aminoacyl-tRNA)

19
Q

Know the basic steps involved in protein synthesis

A
  1. The DNA unzips
  2. The mRNA reads the code (codon) of the DNA (Transcription)
  3. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to attach to the ribosomes
  4. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes according to the original DNA
  5. The amino acids bind together and are released into the cytoplasm as a protein
20
Q

Initiation

A

mRNA and ribosomes assemble

21
Q

Elongation

A

ribosome moves along the length of the mRNA and tRNAs allow it to make the protein

22
Q

Termination

A

a stop codon is reached and the entire structure falls apart

23
Q

Know the three types of proteins that must be synthesized on the rough ER

A
  • Integral protein
  • Outside protein
  • Lysosome
24
Q

Signal sequence

A

A sequence of amino acid residues bound at the amino terminus of a nascent protein during protein translation

25
Q

SRP

A

escorts the ribosome to a receptor protein in the ER membrane

26
Q

SRP receptor

A

composed of 2 different subunits that are associated exclusively with the rough ER

27
Q

Translocation

A

a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes

28
Q

Signal peptidase

A

enzymes that convert secretory and some membrane proteins to their mature forms by cleaving their signal peptides from their N-terminals

29
Q

Glycosylatin

A

the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule

30
Q

Vesicle

A

a membrane-bound structure that distinguishes endocytosis and exocytosis from diffusion or protein transport

31
Q

Name the three types of endocytic pathways

A
  1. Pinocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
32
Q

Relate cell biology concepts to Ebola infection pathway

A

• Macro pinocytosis

Biology 172 - Exam 3 (7 decks)

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