STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
What are the six functions of bone?
Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell Production, Fat Storage.
Which bone cell produces bone?
Osteoblasts.
Which bone cell is in a mature, resting state?
Osteocytes.
Which bone cell degrades bone?
Osteoclasts.
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis.
What is the end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis.
What is the inner lining of bone?
Endosteum.
What is the outer fibrous covering of bone?
Periosteum.
What is the hollow cavity inside a long bone?
Medullary canal.
What is the area of cartilage where bone growth occurs?
Epiphyseal growth plate.
What is the smooth cartilage covering joint surfaces?
Articular cartilage.
What are the two types of bone marrow and their functions?
Red (blood cell production) and Yellow (fat storage).
Which type of cartilage is most common and where is it found?
Hyaline cartilage; joints, nose, trachea.
Which type of cartilage is the strongest and where is it found?
Fibrocartilage; intervertebral discs, menisci.
Which type of cartilage is the most flexible and where is it found?
Elastic cartilage; ear, epiglottis.
What bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, ribcage.
What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs, pelvis, shoulder girdle.
Is the femur part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular.
What are the four bone types based on shape?
Flat, Long, Short, Irregular.
Give an example of a flat bone.
Ribs.
Give an example of a long bone.
Femur.
Give an example of a short bone.
Carpals.
Give an example of an irregular bone.
Vertebrae.
What is the functional unit of compact bone?
Osteon.
What is the functional unit of spongy bone?
Trabecula.
Where is compact bone found?
Diaphysis of long bones.
Where is spongy bone found?
Epiphyses and vertebrae.
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous and Endochondral.
What type of ossification forms flat bones?
Intramembranous.
What type of ossification forms long bones?
Endochondral.
What percentage of bone is organic vs. inorganic?
Organic: 30-40%, Inorganic: 60-70%.
What is the organic component of bone?
Collagen fibers.
Where does lengthwise bone growth occur?
Epiphyseal plates.
Where does appositional growth occur?
Periosteum.
At what age does the epiphyseal plate close in females?
~18 years.
At what age does the epiphyseal plate close in males?
~21 years.
What does Wolff’s Law state?
Bone adapts to stress.
Which hormone builds bone?
Calcitonin.
Which hormone breaks down bone?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
What are the four stages of bone repair?
Hematoma Formation, Fibrocartilaginous Callus, Bony Callus, Bone Remodeling.
What are the three causes of fractures?
Trauma, Stress, Pathological.
What is a simple fracture?
A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.
What is a compound fracture?
A fracture where the bone pierces the skin.
What is a comminuted fracture?
A fracture where the bone breaks into multiple pieces.
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone.
What do tendons connect?
Muscle to bone.
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7.
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12.
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5.
What movement does the atlas (C1) allow?
Nodding ‘yes.’
What movement does the axis (C2) allow?
Rotation (‘no’ motion).
What causes rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency.
What is osteoporosis?
Bone loss leading to fractures.
What are fontanelles composed of?
Fibrous tissue.
When do fontanelles close?
18-24 months.
How many true ribs are there?
7.
How many false ribs are there?
3.
How many floating ribs are there?
2.
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge joint.
What type of joint is the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket joint.
What type of joint is the thumb?
Saddle joint.
What is abduction?
Movement away from midline.
What is adduction?
Movement toward midline.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle of a joint.
What is extension?
Increasing the angle of a joint.
