study guide Flashcards
cerebrum is split into L and R hemispheres by the
longitudinal fissure
surface of the cerebrum is covered with a layer of ____ ____ called the ___ ___
gray matter, cerebral cortex
cerebellum is split into L and R hemispheres by the
vermis
outer gray matter of cerebellum
cerebellar cortex
cerebellum is split into anterior and posterior lobes by the
primary fissure
controls most basic life sustaining functions (HR, BP, Respirations, Sleep, Hunger, Thirst, Digestion)
brain stem
Conscious thought and intelligence are produced in the _____ _____. We call these _____ _____ functions.
neural/cerebral cortex, high brain
The _____ meninges are continuous with the ____ meninges.
cranial spinal
major difference between the cranial and spinal menginges
no epidural space in cranial meninges
blood accumulates in the subdural space of cranial meninges (very dangerous)
subdural hematoma
space between periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater contains ________ _______ to drain blood from brain
venous sinuses
only meninge layer entering into sulci of brain
pia mater
formed when inner layer of dura mater extends into fissures. Acts as “seatbelt”
Dural folds
Dural fold between cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
Dural folds between cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
Dural fold separating cerebrum and cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
glial cells lining ventricles (choroid plexus) and central canal
ependymal cells
cells lining blood vessels
endothelial cells
CSF cushions the brain, decreasing its “___ ___” weight
feels-like
In the ventricles, blood is filtered through vessels in the choroid plexus and across the
ependyma
choroid plexus membrane is made of these cells which controls composition of CSF secreted into ventricles by ependyma
ependymal cells
CSF flows through the ventricles and central canal, and it bathes the outer surface of the brain as it flows through the _____________ space
subarachnoid
CSF is reabsorbed through ____ ____ into Dural venous sinuses (where the CSF enters the blood supply)
arachnoid granulations
CSF flows through ventricles and then out through tiny holes called ______ (CSF then bathes external surface of brain).
apertures
abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain (can lead to neural tissue damage)
hydrocephalus
Constant blood supply to brain is needed. Neural tissue depends almost entirely on ___________ and __________ to make ATP. ____ ___ is needed at all times.
glucose, oxygen, Blood flow
interruption of blood flow to brain (stroke)
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
CVA where blood flow is stopped by a clot
thrombolytic stroke
CVA where blood flow is restricted by ruptured vessel
hemorrhagic stroke
stroke in L cerebral hemisphere would cause symptoms to appear on the _____ side of the body due to _____ _____.
right, hemispheric lateralization
What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?
isolates the neural tissue (from the blood that goes through general circulation)
The BBB is formed by ______________ ____________ between ____________ cells. (these cells are cells that line____________ ______________).
tight junctions, endothelial, blood vessels
glial cells responsible for controlling and maintaining the blood brain barrier (enclose vessels with their processes and induce the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells)
astrocytes
Why do we not maintain a blood brain barrier in the vessels surrounding the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland?
they secrete hormones (into circulation)
Blood CSF barrier: Formed by tight junctions between _____________ cells that surround the capillaries of the ____________ _________.
ependymal cells, choroid plexus
The ____ links the cerebrum with the rest of the brain stem.
diencephalon
called the “gatekeeper” for the cerebrum
thalamus
integral in thermoregulation because it sets the body’s hypothalamic set point
hypothalamus
Blinking and pupil dilation/constriction are controlled by what part of the brainstem?
midbrain
If you hear a loud noise or see something in your peripheral vision, you turn your head towards the sound or object. What part of the brain stem controls this reflex?
midbrain
connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
pons
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are located in the ____. Their function is to modify the activity of the ________ _________ center.
pons, respiratory rhythmicity
contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory rhythmicity center
medulla oblongata
large, branches cells that make up the cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells
major function of the cerebellum is to coordinate _______________ body movements
repetitive
The cerebellum monitors and compares what our _________ is with our _____________, allowing us to perfect learned movements.
intent, performance
aka emotional brain
limbic system
Establish emotional states and decide how we show emotions. Provide motivational drives via the gratification center and aversion center. Facilitate memory storage and retrieval.
limbic system functions
“fast learner” that can organize memories as they occur. not for long term memory storage
hippocampus
“slow learner” that requires memories to be “uploaded” numerous times before the memory is stored. used for long term
cerebral cortex
can’t develope new memories
anterograde amnesia
can’t remember past memories
retrograde anmesia
Controls conscience thought and intellectual functions, processes incoming sensory info, sends outgoing voluntary motor commands
cerebral cortex
Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body
hemispheric lateralization
____ fibers are white matter connections within one hemisphere
Association
shorter association fibers going from neighboring gyri
arcuate fibers
longer association fibers going from one lobe to another (within same hemisphere)
longitudinal fasciculi
______ fibers are white matter connections between both hemispheres
commissural
primary commissural fiber
corpus callosum
fibers connecting the cerebrum with lower area of the brain and brain stem
projection
where our personality is established, where we decide how to behave, and plan and execute behaviors
prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex is an association area for both __________ and ____________
smell and taste
General Interpretive Area or ____________ area receives information from all sensory association areas and allows us to coordinate access to complex visual and auditory memories
Wernicke’s
motor speech center or ________ area is where we coordinate complex vocalization functions (speech)
Broca’s
