Study Goals Final Exam Week 12 Flashcards
Bacteria and Archaea are (mostly) unicellular and prokaryotic – what does that mean?
-They lack a membrane-bound nucleus
-Have or are only one cell
Even though Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, they are different from each other on the
molecular level – what do these differences suggest about the relationship between
Archaea and Eukarya?
Indicates that Archaea & Eukarya have a single common ancestor and are very closely related
What is genetic variation through gene transfer?
-Process where prokaryotes can acquire diverse traits that wouldn’t be available in binary fission cell division
-Transfer occurs in 3 ways: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
Transformation in Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer
when bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from the environment that has been released by cell lysis or secreted
Transduction in Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer
when viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell & transfer it to another cell
Conjugation in Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer
when genetic information is transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact
Metabolic diversity – explain what this means in a general way in terms of how
Bacteria and Archaea obtain chemical energy to make ATP and how they obtain
carbon-containing molecules for building the cell
-3 ways to obtain chemical energy to make ATP: Phototrophs, Chemoorganotrophs, & Chemolithotrophs
-2 ways to obtains carbon-containing molecules: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
Phototrophs
use light energy to excite electrons. ATP is produced by photophosphorylation
Chemoorganotrophs
oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy such as sugars
Chemolithotrophs
oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy such as ammonia(NH3)
Autotrophs
synthesize their own compounds from simple starting materials such as CO2 and methane
Heterotrophs
absorb ready-to-use organic compounds called building-block compounds
What is the Germ Theory of Disease?
infectious diseases are caused by specific microbes in the body such as bacteria, archaea, & viruses (think Biological Theory of Evolution)
How did Koch’s postulates enable us to determine
whether certain bacteria were pathogens?
-Must be found in all cases of disease but absent in healthy individuals
-Must be isolated from diseased host and grown naturally
-Should cause disease when introduced to healthy organism
-Re-isolated from the experimental infected host and shown as same original organism