Study Goals Final Exam Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are (mostly) unicellular and prokaryotic – what does that mean?

A

-They lack a membrane-bound nucleus
-Have or are only one cell

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2
Q

Even though Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, they are different from each other on the
molecular level – what do these differences suggest about the relationship between
Archaea and Eukarya?

A

Indicates that Archaea & Eukarya have a single common ancestor and are very closely related

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3
Q

What is genetic variation through gene transfer?

A

-Process where prokaryotes can acquire diverse traits that wouldn’t be available in binary fission cell division
-Transfer occurs in 3 ways: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

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4
Q

Transformation in Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer

A

when bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from the environment that has been released by cell lysis or secreted

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5
Q

Transduction in Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer

A

when viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell & transfer it to another cell

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6
Q

Conjugation in Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer

A

when genetic information is transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact

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7
Q

Metabolic diversity – explain what this means in a general way in terms of how
Bacteria and Archaea obtain chemical energy to make ATP and how they obtain
carbon-containing molecules for building the cell

A

-3 ways to obtain chemical energy to make ATP: Phototrophs, Chemoorganotrophs, & Chemolithotrophs
-2 ways to obtains carbon-containing molecules: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

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8
Q

Phototrophs

A

use light energy to excite electrons. ATP is produced by photophosphorylation

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9
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy such as sugars

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10
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy such as ammonia(NH3)

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11
Q

Autotrophs

A

synthesize their own compounds from simple starting materials such as CO2 and methane

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12
Q

Heterotrophs

A

absorb ready-to-use organic compounds called building-block compounds

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13
Q

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

infectious diseases are caused by specific microbes in the body such as bacteria, archaea, & viruses (think Biological Theory of Evolution)

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14
Q

How did Koch’s postulates enable us to determine
whether certain bacteria were pathogens?

A

-Must be found in all cases of disease but absent in healthy individuals
-Must be isolated from diseased host and grown naturally
-Should cause disease when introduced to healthy organism
-Re-isolated from the experimental infected host and shown as same original organism

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