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POPH192 2024 > Study Design Terminology > Flashcards

Study Design Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive:

A

Employs observation and surveys.

  • ‘Person, place and time’
  • Observational
  • What
  • Who
  • Where
  • When
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2
Q

Analytic:

A

Uses statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques

  • Associations: exposures
    and outcomes
  • Causation
  • Observational or
    intervention studies
  • Why
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3
Q

Prevalence:

A

the proportion of a defined population who have a
disease at a point in time

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4
Q

What is the GATE frame?

A

Graphic Appraisal Tool for
Epidemiological studies

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5
Q

What is included within the GATE frame? (PECOT)

A
  • population
  • exposure/comparison
  • outcome
  • time
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6
Q

Ecological fallacy:

A

e.g. if a specific neighbourhood has a high crime rate, one might assume that any resident living in that area is more likely to commit a crime.

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7
Q

Temporal Sequence:

A

the order in which events occur over time

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8
Q

Prevalence equation

A

= (no. of ppl with disease at time point)/(total no. of ppl in population)

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9
Q

Guts of analytic epidemiology?

A

Is the exposure associated with the outcome? = Does the exposure increase or decrease the occurrence of the outcome?

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10
Q

What does PECOT stand for?

A

Population Exposure Comparison Outcome Time

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11
Q

Relative risk

A

How many times as likely is the exposed group to develop the outcome than the comparison group

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12
Q

What is relative risk equal to?

A

Ratio of the incidences (IExposed/
IComparison)

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13
Q

What is the null value?

A

Exposure doesn’t change occurrence of outcome, so no association between exposure and outcome

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14
Q

What is the null value of relative risk?

A

1

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15
Q

What does a relative risk value higher than 1 mean?

A

If outcome is bad it is a risk factor

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16
Q

What does a relative risk value lower than 1 mean?

A

If outcome is bad it is a protective factor

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17
Q

How do you interpret relative risk?

A

The exposed group were X as likely to develop the outcome compared to control group

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18
Q

Risk difference (attributable risk)

A

How many extra/fewer cases of the outcome in the exposed group are
attributable to the exposure

19
Q

How to report risk difference?

A

There were X extra/fewer cases if outcome in exposed group in comparison

(Report differently for incidence proportion and
incidence rate)

20
Q

Aetiology

A

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

21
Q

What does relative risk provide?

A

Clues to aetiology (causes)
Strength of association

22
Q

What does Risk Difference provide?

A

Impact of exposure
Impact of removing exposure

23
Q

Observational

A

observe people’s exposures and what happens to them

24
Q

Measures of occurrence

A

Incidence proportion (IP)
Incidence rate (IR)

25
Q

Measures of association

A

Relative risk
Risk difference (attributable risk)

26
Q

Incidence proportion:

A

Number of people who develop
the disease in a specific period
/ Number of people at risk of
developing the disease at the start
of the period

27
Q

Incidence rate:

A

Number of people who develop
the disease in a specific period
/ Number of person-years at risk of
developing the disease

28
Q

Relative risk equations

A

Rate ratio= IRE / IRC
Risk ratio = IPE / IPC

29
Q

Risk difference equations

A

IRE – IRC
IPE - IPC

30
Q

Historical cohort studies

A
  • Use existing data
  • Reconstruct follow-up period in the past
31
Q

Odds ratios

A

Measure of association -
Ratio of odds instead of incidences
How many times as likely cases are to have the exposure compared to controls

32
Q

Interpreting the odds ratio

A

Interpret the same as the relative risk (in this course)

33
Q

Randomisation

A

Randomly assign
participants to
intervention or control

34
Q

Successful randomisation
means?

A

confounding is an unlikely
reason for differences in
outcomes between groups

35
Q

Non
-adherence

A

Participants don’t do what they’re supposed to
Can include doing what the other group is doing

36
Q

Clinical Equipoise

A

is the requirement that researchers only provide an experimental treatment if the evidence for the experimental treatment is equal to that available for the standard treatment

37
Q

Beneficence

A

refers to the obligations that we have to ‘benefit’ others. In research it is the obligation to ensure that the research
is generating something of value that justifies the costs

38
Q

Non-maleficence

A

the obligation that we have not to
harm others without a justifying reason. In research this means
being aware of the various potential harms to participants and
others, and either taking steps to avoid these or ensuring that
the benefits are sufficient to justify the harms

39
Q

A vulnerable person

A

is any person who is more at risk of
exploitation, because of social or physical disadvantages

40
Q

A conflict of interest

A

is a situation where a person holds two or more potentially incompatible interests. These are of concern in research where the researcher(s) have interests that might compromise the
values and standards of ethically appropriate research

41
Q

Informed consent

A

is ordinarily required when participants are enrolled in research studies

42
Q

Adequately informed consent requires:

A
  • Disclosure of the purpose, risks, and processes of the study
  • Reasonable efforts from the researcher to explain this information
  • That the person is competent to give consent
  • The absence of any coercive factors (including financial inducements)
43
Q

Justice requires:

A
  • Transparency
  • That all people are considered of equal worth
  • That efforts are made to make society equitable

POPH192 2024 (9 decks)

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