STUDY DESIGN I (DESCRIPTIVE)

Question 1

Which is cheaper
Which is less feasible
Which is less popular
Which is quicker to finish
Which has more ethical issues

Observational or Experimental

Answer 1

Observational
Experimental
Experimental
Observational
Experimental

Question 2

Observational studies allow nature to take its course.

T/F

Answer 2

T

Question 3

In Observational studies, The investigator measures and intervenes

T/F

Answer 3

F

The investigator measures but does not intervene

Question 4

Types of Observational studies:

________

____________

Answer 4

Descriptive
Analytic

Question 5

____________ is often the first step in an epidemiological investigation.

Answer 5

Descriptive study

Question 6

Descriptive studies describe patterns of disease occurrence in relation to variables such as ____,_______, and ________

Answer 6

person, place, and time.

Question 7

The data provided by descriptive studies are essential for public health ____________ as well as ___________.

Answer 7

administrators

epidemiologists

Question 8

For public health administrators:

knowledge of which populations or subgroups are ________________________ allows the most efficient allocation of resources and the targeting of particular segments of the population for _______________________

Answer 8

most or least affected by disease

education and/or prevention programs

Question 9

For epidemiologists:
the identification of _________ frequently constitutes an important _____ step in the search for determinants of risk factors that can be altered or eliminated to reduce or prevent disease

Answer 9

descriptive characteristics

first

Question 10

Descriptive studies use information from such diverse sources as

________,
___________ records,
employment ____________,
clinical records from hospitals or private practices, as well as national figures on consumption of foods, medications, or other products (NDHS).

Answer 10

census data

vital statistics

health examinations

Question 11

descriptive studies

They are used to describe __________ and ___________

They are also used to formulate ___________

Answer 11

patterns and frequency of disease occurrence

research questions.

Question 12

There are three main types of descriptive studies:

_________ studies: which consider pattern of disease among __________

________ or __________ (_________)

_____________ surveys of individuals

Answer 12

Correlational studies; populations

Case reports or case series ; individuals

Cross-sectional

Question 13

Correlational studies

A correlational study determines whether or not ————————

Answer 13

two variables are correlated.

Question 14

Correlational studies

It is very important to note that correlation doesn’t imply _____ and there is no way to _________________[
_____from a correlational study.
This is a common mistake made by people in almost all spheres of life.

Answer 14

causation

determine or prove causation

Question 15

Correlational studies
There are three types of correlates that are identified;
_______ correlation
_______ correlation
_______ correlation

Answer 15

Positive correlation
Negative correlation
No correlation

Question 16

Correlational studies
Positive correlation – when an increase in one variable leads to _______ in the other and a decrease in one lead to ___________ in the other.

Answer 16

an increase

A decrease

Question 17

Correlational studies

Negative correlation – when an increase in one variable leads to _________ in another and vice versa.

Answer 17

a decrease

Question 18

Correlational studies

No correlation – two variables are uncorrelated. When a change in one ________________in the other and vice versa.

Answer 18

does not lead to a change

Question 19

Strength of correlational studies

It is done ______
It is _________
Uses ____________ data

Answer 19

quickly

inexpensive

already available

Question 20

Limitation of correlational studies

Inability to link ______________ in particular individual

Inability to control for the effects of _________________

It represent ___________ levels rather than _________ values

Answer 20

exposure with disease

potential confounding factors.

average exposure; actual individual

Question 21

Case reports and case series
Case reports and case series describe the experience of ________ or __________ with (a similar or different?) diagnosis.

Answer 21

a single patient

a group of patients

A similar

Question 22

Case reports and case series

This type of studies, in which a clinician identifies an unusual feature of a disease or a patient’s history, may lead to _____________________.

In this way, case reports and case series represent an important interface between _____________ and _________

Answer 22

formulation of a new hypothesis.

clinical medicine and epidemiology.

Question 23

Case report and series

The collection of a case series rather than reliance on a single case report can mean the difference between _________________ and merely _______________

Answer 23

formulating a useful hypothesis

documenting an interesting medical oddity.

Question 24

Case reports and case series

Strength of case report and case series

Help in the ______ of new disease

______________ concerning possible risk factors.

Answer 24

recognition

Formulation of hypothesis

Question 25

Limitation of case report and case series

They cannot be used to test for _____________

Case report is based on the experience of _______________

Answer 25

presence of valid statistical association

only one person

Question 26

Cross-sectional Studies

This is the study in which ___________ status is assessed __________ among individuals in a well-defined population.

Answer 26

exposure and disease

simultaneously

Question 27

Cross-sectional Studies

Measure the ___________ of disease and thus are often called ________ studies.

Answer 27

prevalence; prevalence

Question 28

Cross-sectional studies

The status of an individual with respect to the presence or absence of _____________________ is assessed at the same point in time.

Answer 28

both exposure and disease

Question 29

In cross-sectional studies

It is difficult to distinguish whether __________________________ or whether ___________________

Answer 29

the exposure preceded the development of the disease

presence of the disease affected the individual’s level of exposure.

Question 30

Cross-sectional studies are relatively easy and inexpensive to conduct.

T/F

Answer 30

T

Question 31

In _______________ of disease, a cross-sectional study to measure several exposures can be the most convenient first step in investigating the cause.

Answer 31

sudden outbreaks

Question 32

Data from cross-sectional studies are helpful in assessing the health care needs of populations.

T/F

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Cross-sectional Studies

In one special circumstance, a cross-sectional study can be considered as a type of analytic study and used to test epidemiological hypotheses.
This can occur only when the current values of the exposure variables are _____________ , thus representing the ___________________

Answer 33

unalterable over time

value present at the initiation of the disease.

Question 34

Cross-sectional Studies

Strength

Cross-sectional studies can also be used to provide information on the ________ of disease or other health outcomes in certain occupation

Since the cross-sectional study must consider ______ rather than ________ cases, the data obtained will always reflect ___________ as well as _______.

Answer 34

prevalence

prevalent; incident

determinants of survival

aetiology

Question 35

Cross-sectional Studies

Limitation
Since exposure and disease status are assessed at a single point in time, in many cases, it is not possible to determine whether ___________ or ___________.

This type of “chicken or egg” dilemma is common to virtually all cross-sectional data.

Answer 35

the exposure preceded or resulted from the disease