Morbidity And Mortality Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

________ is the most important tool for measuring disease or death i.e. morbidity or mortality.

Rate

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RATE

Useful observations can be interpreted when they are related to a _________ in terms of a rate.

denominator

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RATE

Rate is used to measure events that are related to the population or subgroup of it, in which they occur, or special events that are related to the total events. The event may be death, birth, occurrence of disease, immunization coverage, admission to hospital etc.

Rate is usually expressed as _________ per _______________

so many events

standard population size

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Rate = (a/a+b)K

Where,
a = _________________________
a + b = ________________

K is the _________. Some number such as 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000.

the frequency with which an event has occurred during some specified period of time

the number of persons exposed to the risk of the event during the same period of time

multiplier

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A ratio is a ______ of the form

(c/d)k

where k is ________ as already defined and both c and d refer to the __________ of some event or item.

fraction

some base

frequency of occurrence

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A ratio

In the case of a ratio, as opposed to a rate, the _________________.

numerator is not a component part of the denominator

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We can speak, for example, of the ________ ratio or the ___________ ratio of a certain geographic area. The values of k most frequently used in ratios are _____ and ______

person–doctor

person–hospital- bed

1 and 100

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INCIDENCE RATE

Incidence rate measures the _______ that _____________________________ during a specified period of time.

probability

healthy people will develop disease or health–related event

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INCIDENCE RATE

It indicates the rate at which ________ occurs in a defined, __________ population.

new disease

previously disease–free

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INCIDENCE RATE

IR = _______________________

____________________________________ xK

     \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Number of new cases of a disease over a period of time

Population at risk

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INCIDENCE RATE

This rate which measures the degree to which new cases are occurring in the community is useful in helping determine the need for initiation of preventive measures. It is used for (acute or chronic?) diseases.

Acute

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PREVALENCE RATE

The prevalence rate measures the _____________________ at a given time.

number of people in a population that have a disease

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PREVALENCE RATE

There are two types of prevalence rate,

the _________ and the __________.

point prevalence

period prevalence

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PREVALENCE RATE

Point prevalence measures the probability of people _______________, whereas period prevalence measures the number of people that _______________________.

having a disease at one particular point in time

have a disease within a given period of time

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The prevalence rate of a disease in a particular locality includes the __________ and the ___________ before it is terminated either by ________ or ________ .

incidence rate

average duration

recovery or death

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Prevalence rate can be altered when people with a disease _____________ or _______________ .

immigrate into or emigrate from a population

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Prevalence rate

Among workers, for example, any serious illness is likely to lead to ___________________, and consequently the prevalence rate is (more or less?) than that predicted from the __________ and _______

absence from workplace

Less

incidence rate and duration

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Prevalence does not depend on the number of people that have been ill in the past and the duration of their illness.

T/F

Prevalence depends on the number of people that have been ill in the past and the duration of their illness.

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Prevalence = ________ X ________

Incidence

Average duration

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For an acute epidemic disease like CHOLERA or EBOLA, the prevalence rate is (low or high?) because the ________________ as a result of ________________.

This is contrary to the situation in a chronic disease like DIABETES MELLITUS or TUBERCULOSIS, where the prevalence rate is (low or high?) as a result of the __________ of the illness.

Low ; duration of illness is short; either quick recovery or death

High; long duration

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Prevalence rate: _______________ existing at a point in time

______________________________ x K

_____________ at that point in time

total no of cases, new or old

total population

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

Numerator:

Denominator:

Focus:

Number of new cases of disease; Number of existing cases of disease

Population at risk; total population

Whether the event is a new case, Time of onset of the disease is definite; Presence or absence of a disease
Time period is arbitrary It’s a “snapshot” in time

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

USES!!!

Expresses the risk of becoming ill

Estimates the probability of the population being ill at the period of time being studied

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

Which is more useful in acute and which is more useful in chronic cases

Acute: incidence

Chronic: prevalence

WHAT IS PERSON-TIME ? Person-time is an estimate of the ______________ in days, months or years that all persons contributed to a study.

actual time-at-risk

PERSON-TIME In certain studies people are followed for different length of time, as some will remain disease-free longer than others. A subject is eligible to contribute person- time to the study only so long as that person ——————— and therefore still _________________

remains disease-free at risk of developing the disease of interest.

By knowing the __________ of disease and the ———— contributed to the study, an investigator can calculate the incidence rate of the disease, or how quickly people are acquiring the disease.

number of new cases person-time-at-risk

In addition, both risk and odds assume that the population at risk is followed over a specified time period, and that all those who are included at the beginning of the time period are counted at the end of the period. This is called a _________ population or a ________. However, you might want to look at incidence in a _______ or _________ population over a longer period of time during which people __________________ at different points. In this situation people in the group may have been at risk for different length of time. Therefore, instead of counting the total number of people at the start of the study, the ________________________ needs to be calculated. This is known as the ____________.

CLOSED; COHORT Dynamic or Open enter and exit the population at risk time that each individual spends in the study before becoming a case person-time at risk

The term “_______ RATE” is often used instead of incidence during a disease outbreak in a ________ population over a (short or long?) period of time.

ATTACK narrowly-defined Short

The attack rate can be calculated as the ____________ and divided by the ___________.

number of people affected number exposed

SECONDARY ATTACK RATE Secondary Attack Rate is an important measure of __________.

communicability

SECONDARY ATTACK RATE This rate measures the occurrence of a _____ disease among ________ persons who have been _________________.

contagious; susceptible exposed to a primary case.

SECONDARY ATTACK RATE This is defined as the number of exposed person ___________ within the _______________ following _______________

developing the disease range of incubation period exposure to primary case.

SECONDARY ATTACK RATE SAR = _________________/ _____________ x 100

No. of exposed developing disease within the range of incubation period Total no. of exposed or susceptible contacts

Secondary attack rate It can also be defined as the no of additional cases among contacts of a primary case within the maximum incubation period/total no of susceptible contacts x 100 T/F

Secondary attack rate The denominator more specifically restricted only to ________ if means are available to ____________

susceptible contacts distinguish the susceptible from the immune

Secondary attack Rate Primary case is excluded from both numerator and denominator T/F

Secondary attack rate This rate is used to measure the ________________ and is usually applied to closed groups such as ________,________, or _______ where it can reasonably be assumed that ______________________.

spread of infection household, classroom or dormitory all members were indeed contacts.

FACTORS INFLUENCING PREVALENCE INCREASED BY: (Shorter or Longer?) duration of the disease Prolongation of life of patients ___________ ______ease in new cases (____ease in incidence) ____-migration of cases ____-migration of healthy people ___-migration of susceptible people Improved ___________________ which leads to __________

Longer ; without cure Increase ;increase In; Out; In diagnostic facilities ; better reporting

FACTORS INFLUENCING PREVALENCE DECREASED BY: (Shorter or Longer ?) duration of the disease (Low or High?) duration of the disease (Low or High?) case-fatality rate from disease ____ease in new cases (____ease in incidence) ___-migration of healthy people ____-migration of cases Improved cure rate of cases

Shorter; high High; Decr; decr In; out

CUMMULATIVE INCIDENCE Cumulative Incidence is a simpler measure of the occurrence of a disease or health status. Unlike incidence, it measures _________________

the denominator only at the beginning of a study.

CASE-FATALITY RATIO This ratio is useful in determining __________________.

how well the treatment program for a certain disease is succeeding

CASE-FATALITY RATIO It is defined as ______________ due to a disease —————————————- x K _____________________ to the disease where K is _________.

total number of deaths total number of cases due 100

CASE-FATALITY RATIO The period of time covered is arbitrary, depending on the nature of the disease, and it may cover several years for ___________ disease.

an endemic

CASE-FATALITY RATIO Note that this ratio can be interpreted as the probability of _________________ and as such reveals the _________ of the disease.

dying following contraction of the disease in question seriousness

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE The maternal mortality rate refers to the risk of __________________________________. This important statistic is often neglected because _________________

mothers dying from causes associated with delivering babies, complication of pregnancies or childbirth it is difficult to calculate accurately.

MMRate =___________________ in a given geographical area in a given year X 10n —————————————- __________________ in the same year

Number of maternal deaths from puerperalcauses Number of women in the reproductive age group

LIFE EXPECTANCY Life Expectancy is another summary measure of the health status of a population. It is defined as the ___________________________________ if _______________________ continue. It is not always easy to interpret the reasons for the differences in life expectancy between countries; different patterns may emerge according to the measures that are used

average number of years an individual of a given age is expected to live current mortality rates

DEATH RATES The death rate (or ___________) for all deaths or a specific cause of death is calculated as follows CMR = _______________ during a specified period X 10n ——————————————— ________________during the same period

crude mortality rate Number of deaths Number of persons at risk of dying

The main disadvantage of the CMR is that it does not take into account the fact that ________________________

the chance of dying varies according to age, sex, race, socio-economic class and other factors

INFANT MORTALITY RATE The Infant Mortality Rate is commonly used an indicator of ___________________.

the level of heath in a community

INFANT MORTALITY RATE It measures the rate of _____________________. The denominator being the _____________________________

death in children during the first year of life number of live births in the same year.

CHILD MORTALITY RATE The Child Mortality Rate ( _________ mortality rate) is based on _________________ and is frequently used as a _____________. Injuries, Malnutrition and Infectious diseases are common causes of death in this age group.

under–5 deaths of children aged –4 years basic health indicator

The under–5 mortality rate describes the probability (expressed per 1000 live births) of a ____________________________

child dying before reaching 5 years of age.