Study Design 04 Flashcards
It determines how the data will be gathered and analyzed
STUDY DESIGN
Also called the predicted variable or the dependent variable
outcome
Observations about exposure and outcome are made at a single point in time
transversal
Participants are followed over time to determine the association between exposure and outcome or outcome
longitudinal
Also called the predictor variable or independent variable or risk factor
exposure
Refers to the variable that is studied to assess the impact of the exposure on the population
outcome
The outcome has not occurred at the time of initiation of the study
prospective
The outcome of interest has already occurred when the study commences
retrospective
are the foundation for disease control and prevention through tracking.
Epidemiologic studies
The investigator simply records data from observations made and draws conclusions as to possible reasons for the events witnessed.
descriptive studies
In a case report, the participants describes his/her experience with symptoms, signs, diagnosis, or treatment of a patient.
case study/report
describe the characteristics of interest in the study. These studies do not have a comparison group.
descriptive studies
These are based on the observations of the individual patient
case study/report
The simplest type of descriptive study is the case report.
case study/report
used in anthropology in which the researchers are naïve about a topic (cultural)
Informants
person who is selected as the primary link between the anthropologist and the cultural group
Key informant
Survey design to answer structured or semi-structured questionnaires.
Respondents
Experimental/quasi-experimental (reacts on the intervention)
Subjects
It is used to examine the prior histories of patients with the same outcome in hopes of HYPOTHESIZING a possible cause and effect relationship.
case series
form the lowest level of evidence in biomedical research and, as such, are considered hypothesis- generating studies.
case report & series
A group of patients having a similar experience may be grouped to form a case series.
case series
try to prove a hypothesis and establish an association between an exposure and an outcome.
analytical studies
The researcher merely observes outcomes in different groups of participants who, for natural reasons, have or have not been exposed to a particular risk factor.
observational studies
easy to conduct, involve no follow-up, and need limited resources. They offer useful information on prevalence of health conditions and possible associations between risk factors and outcomes.
cross-sectional studies
These are transversal studies where data are collected from the study population at a single point in time. Exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously.
cross-sectional studies
The researcher identifies participants who have developed the outcome of interest (cases) and chooses matching participants who do not have the outcome (controls).
case control studies
are backward-directed studies where direction of enquiry begins with the outcome and then proceeds to exposure.
case control studies
The direction of enquiry begins with the exposure and then proceeds to outcome (prospective)
cohort studies
The researcher begins with a group of individuals who are free of outcome at baseline
cohort studies
The groups are followed up over a period of time to determine occurrence of outcome
cohort studies
also known as experimental studies or clinical trials
interventional studies
positive control
standard of care
negative control
Placebo
In these studies, allocation to different groups is done arbitrarily. This kind of study design may sometimes overestimate the advantages of one treatment over another
non-controlled
It is experimental study wherein respondents are subjected to different interventions using methods that are not random.
non-controlled
leads to equal distribution of known and unknown confounders between treatment arms.
randomized controlled trials
It is the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of a treatment.
randomized controlled trials
The temporal sequence of cause and effect is established.
randomized controlled trials
It is simply defined as not a true experiment.
quasi-experimental
does not have randomly assigned groups. In these studies, one characteristic of a true experiment (i.e. randomization) is missing.
quasi-experimental
It is a modified randomized group design in which each group receives treatment at different dosing periods. It is a repeated measurement design such that each experimental unit receives different treatments during different periods. Patients in each group receive different sequences of treatments.
crossover experimental
They are considered to be the basis for guidelines of medical practice suggesting directions for new research.
systematic review
It is a type of literature review that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies or papers and is defined as convenient evidential summaries for clinicians which serve as a powerful tool for patient care decisions.
systematic review
It is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies and reduces the quantity of data by summarizing data from multiple resources and helps to plan research as well as to frame guidelines.
meta-analysis
It is the combination of data from several independent primary studies that address the same question to produce a single estimate like the effect of treatment or risk factor.
meta-analysis
