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Pharmacology > Study Cards > Flashcards

Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors

  • G protein coupled receptor that is coupled to the Gs protein
  • Activated by Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
A

When Stimulated:

  • Increase Heart Rate
  • Increase Contractility (inotropic effect)
  • Increased Lipolysis
  • Increased Insulin Secretion
  • Increased Aqueous Humor Production
  • Ciliary Muscle Relaxation (smooth muscle in eye)
  • Vasodilation
  • Bronchodilation
  • Decreased Uterine Tone
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2
Q

Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptors

*G-Protein-coupled receptor associated with the Gs subunit

A

Stimulation causes:

  • Increased Heart Rate
  • Increased Contractility
  • Increased Renin Release
  • Increased Lipolysis
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3
Q

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor

  • G protein coupled receptor associated with the Gq subunit
  • Activated by Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
A

Stimulation causes:

  • Increased Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
  • Increased Pupillary Dilator Muscle Contraction
  • Increased Intestinal & Bladder Sphincter Muscle Contraction
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4
Q

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors

  • G protein-coupled receptor associated with the Gi subunit
  • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine signal through this receptor where it inhibits the release of norepinephrine in a form of negative feedback
A

Stimulation causes:

  • Decreased Sympathetic Outflow
  • Decreased Insulin Release
  • Decreased Lipolysis
  • Increased Platelet Aggregation
  • Decreased Aqueous Humor Production
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5
Q

P450 Inhibitors

Decrease the activity of the P450 enzyme, impairing the metabolism of drugs that are metabolized by the P450 system

A 
Quinidine
Ciprofloxacin
Isoniazid
Grapefruit Juice
Acute Alcohol Use
Erythromycin (Macrolide)
Indinavir
Cimetidine
Sulfonamides
Ketoconazole
Amiodarone
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6
Q

P450 Inducers

Increase the activity of the P450 enzymes causing drugs that are metabolized by P450 to be metabolized at an increased rate.

Higher doses of medications may be needed to maintain therapeutic levels

A 
Griseofulvin
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Barbiturates
Chronic Alcohol Use
St. John's Wart
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7
Q

Benzodiazepine Antidote

A

Flumazenil
-Reverses the effects of benzodiazepines by competitive inhibition at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA receptor

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8
Q

Warfarin Antidotes

A

Vitamin K
-helps reverse the anticoagulation effects but does not have immediate onset of action
Fresh Frozen Plasma
-replaces coagulation factors and helps to reverse warfarin effects more quickly than vitamin K

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9
Q

Beta Blocker Antidote

A

Glucagon

-Increases intracellular cAMP and cardiac contractility

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10
Q

Opioid Antidote

A

Naloxone

  • U-opioid receptor antagonist
  • Used in acute life-threatening opioid toxicity

Naltrexone

  • Opioid receptor antagonist
  • Used for dependence treatment rather than in emergent treatment of overdose
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11
Q

Dinoprostone & Misoprostol

A 
Prostaglandins that act to ripen the cervix
Indications:
-Promote cervical ripening
-Prevent GI ulcers
-Medical abortion

Side Effects:

  • Fetal Distress
  • Hyperstimulation of Uterus

Vaginal insertion before induction of labor (oxytocin) to soften the cervix

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12
Q

Clomiphene

A 
Used for ovulatory dysfunction. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), acts as an antagonist in the hypothalamus. 
Indications:
-Infertility
-PCOS
Mechanism of Action
-Estrogen Antagonist
-Increases GnRH, LH, and FSH Secretion
-Induction of Ovulation
Side Effects
-Multiple Gestations
-Visual Disturbances
-Hot Flashes
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13
Q

Opioid Indications

A
  • Pain
  • Weaning (Methadone)
  • Cough (Codeine)
  • Diarrhea (Loperamide & Diphenoxylate)
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14
Q

Opioid Mechanism of Action

A
  • Interacts at the mu (u), kappa (K), and delta receptors.
  • Decrease synaptic transmission- open K+ channels & close CA2+ channels
  • Inhibit release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, 5-HT, glumate, & substance P
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15
Q

Opioid Side Effects

A
  • Respiratory Depression
  • Addiction
  • Miosis (pinpoint pupils)
  • Constipation
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16
Q

Codeine

A 
Opioid Receptor Agonist
Mild to Moderate Pain
Cough Suppressant
Side Effects: Sedation, Constipation, Miosis
Considerations: 
-Close monitoring when breast feeding
-Often combined with non-opioids
17
Q

Morphine

A

Opioid Receptor Agonist

Indications:
Pain, Myocardial Infarction

Side Effects: 
Nausea/Vomiting
CNS depression
Biliary colic
Constipation
Increased ICP
Pupillary constriction
Hypotension
18
Q

Oxycodone

A

Opioid Receptor Agonist

Indicated for refractory moderate-to-severe pain

Side Effects
Respiratory Depression
Constipation
CNS Depression

Considerations
Addiction

Antidote
Naloxone

19
Q

Lidocaine

A

Mechanism of Action:
Blocks Na+ channels

Indications:
Ventricular arrhythmia
Anesthetic

Side Effects:
Paresthesias
Seizures
Respiratory Depression
Drowsiness

Considerations:
Anesthetic effects are extended with epinephrine

20
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antimetabolite & disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) that acts by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase. Folic acid analog, prevents folic acid metabolism
This results in stopping production of dTMP (thymidine), which is necessary for DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Results in cell death. S-Phase specific

Indications for use:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Cancer
Medical abortion

Side Effects:
Pulmonary fibrosis
Myelosuppression- can be treated with Leucovorin Rescue (Folinic Acid)
Macroytic Anemia
Hepatitis
Teratogenic
Mucositis
21
Q

Substance Use Disorder

Signs & Indicators

A 
Changes in mood
Poor Hygiene
Odd Sleep Patterns
Frequent Injuries
Relationship or Job Difficulties
Poor performance
Anorexia or weight loss
Social isolation
Financial problems
22
Q

Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder

A

2 or more symptoms for 1 year

Tolerance
Withdrawal Symptoms
Cravings
Using more than intended
Inability to cut down
Time-Consuming substance acquisition
Impaired functioning at work
Reduced recreational activities
Dangerous activities
Continued use of substance despite awareness of harm
23
Q

Amphetamines Intoxication Assessment Findings

A 
Euphoria
Insomnia
Mydriasis -pupillary dilation
Diaphoresis
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Paranoia
Anxiety
Anorexia
Seizures
24
Q

Benzodiazepine Intoxication Assessment Findings

A 
Drowsiness
Confusion
Respiratory Depression
Hypotension
Coma

Treatment: Flumazenil

25
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)

Receptor antagonist in breast, agonist in bone
Treats estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers
Decreased risk of osteoporosis.

Increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events

26
Q

NSAIDS

A

Inhibit Cox 1 and or Cox 2, decreasing production of prostaglandins
Indicated for inflammation, pain, and fever

27
Q

Acetylsalicylic Acid

A

Aspirin
Irreversible COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor
Indicated for: Pain, musculoskeletal pain, fever, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet activity

28
Q

Non-selective COX inhibitors

A

NSAIDS
Reversibly inhibit COX-1 & COX-2

Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Ketorolac
Indomethacin
Sulindac
Meloxicam
29
Q

Selective COX-2 inhibitors

A

NSAIDS
Lack the antiplatelet effect due to inhibiting COX-2, but not COX-1

Celecoxib

30
Q

Side Effects of NSAIDS

A

Gastritis, Gastric Ulcers
Bleeding
Hypertension

31
Q

Aspirin Overdose

A 
Early symptoms:
Tinnitus
Deafness
Headache 
Vomiting

High Doses:
Hyperventilation
Respiratory alkalosis

32
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Blocks COX in the CNS, but not in the peripheral system
Effective in treatment of pain and fever, but lacks anti-inflammatory effects (not considered a NSAID)
Preferred drug in treatment of fever or pain in individuals with bleeding disorders, peptic ulcers, or allergies to aspirin
First-line therapy for children with fever or pain (ASA can cause REYE’s syndrome)

33
Q

Acetaminophen Toxicity

A

Can occur with therapeutic doses in individuals with decreased glutathione stores (infants, elderly, malnutrition, or with glutathione synthesis deficiency)

Early symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Worsening symptoms: Jaundice, coagulopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, acute renal failure

Treat with administration of NAC to replenish glutathione which inactivates the metabolites

34
Q

What antibiotic classes exert their effect by weakening the bacterial cell wall?

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Vancomycin
Telavancin
Aztreonam
Fosfomycin
35
Q

What antibiotic classes exert their effect by BACTERIOSTATIC inhibition of protein synthesis?

A 
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Tedizolid
36
Q

What antibiotic classes exert their effect by BACTERICIDAL inhibition of protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides

  • Gentamicin
  • Trobramycin
  • Amikacin
  • Neomycin
  • Kanamycin
  • Strepromycin
  • Paromycin
  • Plazomicin
37
Q

Which antibitoics have B-lactam ring in their structure (B-lactam antibiotics)?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Aztreonam

All of these share the same mechanism of action: disruption of cell wall

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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