Study Booklets Flashcards
Stuff from Study Booklets Put all Together
Why are Cells so Small?
To maximise their surface area-to-volume ratio, which facilitates efficient excahnge of materials (nutrients and waste) with the environment.
What are the Four Structural Levels from Smallest to Largest
Cells, tissue, organs, systems.
Define Metabolism
The chemical reaction in the body’s cells that change food into energy.
What are Key Nutrients Human need for our Survival?
Vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, water and carbohydrates.
How do these Nutrients Help us Function?
Work together to support vital bodily functions, including engergy production, growth, repair, and maintaining overall function.
Differecne between a Catabolic & Anabolic Reaction
Anabolic - is building up compounds, e.g. Building cells.
Catabolic - is breaking down compunds, e.g. Digestion.
What is the Function of an Enzyme?
Enzymes speed up chemcial reactions.
Factors that Influence Enzyme Activity
Temperature - too cold slows enzyme activity, too hot denatures the enzyme pH.
Concentration of enzymes - increasing ezyme numbers increase activity vise versa.
Concentration of substrates - increasing substrate numbers but only to a certain point as the saturation occurs.
Product removal - products need to be reomved constantly to leave space for enzyme substrate reactions.
Define Cofactors
A non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein’s bioloigcal activity. They can be considered “helper molecules”.
Process of Anaerobic Respiration
The metabolic process that generates ATP in the absence of ozygen, primarily during excersie when oxygen supply to muscles is insufficient, resulting in the production of lactic acid.
Differences between Anaearobic Aerobic
Anaearobic:
-No oxygen.
-Does not produce additional ATP.
-Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Aerobic:
-Has oxygen.
-Produce additional ATP.
-Occurs in the mitchondria.
Steps of Inspiration
- Intercostal muscles contract and rib cage goes up and out.
- Diaphrgam contracts downwards increasing lung capacity.
- Air flows from high pressure outside the body to lower pressure in the lungs.
- Oxygen flows into the lungs and gas exchange occurs.
Steps for Expiration
1.Intercostal muscles relaxes and rib cage goes down in.
2. Daiphgram contracts downwards decreasing lung capacity.
3. Air flows from high pressure inside the lungs to lower presser outside the body.
4. Carbon dioxide flows out of body.
Describe how the Aveoli are Ideally Suited for Gas Exchange?
-Lungs have large surface area.
-Capillaries surrounding it.
-One cell thick wall.
-Kept moist which helps facilitate diffusion.
Structure of Blood
Is composed of plasma (the liquid portion) making up about 55% of total blood volume, and various cells and cell fragments, including RBC’s, WBC’s and platlets, all working together to transport oxygen, nutrietns, waste, and to fight infection.
Differenct between Neitrophils & Lymphocytes
Neutrophils - help protect your body from infections by killing bacteria, fungi, and forgein debris.
Lymphocytes - consist of T cell, natural killer cells and B cells to protect against viral infections and produce proteins to help you fight infection (antibodies).
What does Oxygen form when it Combines with a RBC?
Oxyhemoglobin
Ways Carbon Dioxide is Transported in the Blood?
- Dissolved in plasma.
- Bound to the hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin.
- Bicarbonate ions.
What does the Contraction & Relaxation of the Papillary Muscels Result in?
Preventing valve prolapse and ensuring proper blood flow furign the cardiac cycle.
Difference between Vasodilation & Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation - is the widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow and potentially lowering blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction - is the narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and potentially raising blood pressure.
Difference between Artieries, Atrioles & Capillaries
Artiers - carry blood pumped away from the heart.
Veins - return blood to the heart from body organs.
Capillaries - tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins.
Define Atrial Systole
The phase in the cardiac cycles where the atria, the heart’s upper chambers, contract, pshing blood into the ventrolces, the heart’s lower chambers.
Define Ventricular Systole
The pahse of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles, the heart’s lower chambers/ are relxaed and filling with blood.
Explain what Caridac Output Means?
The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart in one minute.
Difference between Antigens & Antibodies with Respect of the ABO Blood Groupings and Rh Factor
Antigens - are proteins on RBC surfaes that determine blood type. Antibodies - are proteins in the plasma that target antigens, leading to immune responses.
Function of the Lymphatic System
Maintains fluid balance and defends the body from infections by filtering waste and harmful substances, and supporting the immune system by producing and transporting WBC’s (lymphocytes).
How deos the Lymphatic System Work if there is no Heart to Pump the Lymph Fluid Around?
It relies on muscle contractions, repiratory movements, and one-way valves in lymphatic vessels to propel lymph fluid back into the bloodstream.
What is the Function of Erythrocyte?
Carry oxygen and small amounts of carbon dioxide to and from cells.
What is the Function of Monocyte?
Engulf and digest pathogens and worn out cells by phagocytosis.
What is the Function of Thrombocyte?
Attach to damaged blood vessel wall, join together to clot blood and then release chemicals to promote vasoconstriction.
What is it Called when Carbon Dioxide Binds to a Haemoglobin?
Carbaminoglobin.
70% of CO2 is Carried in the blood as ____________ and 7% is carried as ____________ in the blood.
-Bicarbonate ions.
-Dissolved gas.
Two Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valves.
Two Semilunar Valves
Aortic and pulmonary valves.
What is the Function of the Chordae Tendinae?
To open and close the vavles of the heart.
Define Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart in one minute.
Explain how Blood Grouping Works
Antigens made of sugar are on the surface of RBC’s ad these act as identifying markers. A person also might be Rh positive or negative which is the presence or absence of the Rhesus antigen which is made of protein.
What are Enzyme Inhibitors?
Stop or reduce enzyme activity, usually by building to the active site.
What is the Trachea Made of?
Cartilage of C shape rings, epethelium, smooth muscle.
What is the Function of the Pleural Fluid?
HINT (if I don’t get it): Has to do with lungs and breathing.
Pleural fluid stoips friction in the lungs when breathing in and out.
What are the Two Functions of the Nose/Nasal Cavity?
1.Sops debris from going into the lungs by getting caught in nose.
2.To humidify the air when breathing in.
Explain how Gases are Exchanged in the Lungs
Oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs
Define Antigen
Any substance of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissue.
Define Antibody
Any substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destorying it.
Why can a Person NOT Produce Antibodies against their Own Blood
A person usually doesn’t produce antibodies against their own blod because theri immune system recognizes their own antigens (like those on RBC’s) as “self” and doesn’t attack them.
Do Both Blood Groups Co-exist
Yes, the blood groups do co-exist. Yuor Rh type is determined by a different pair of genes the the ones that determine your ABO blood type. A person’s blood type is determined by both systems.
What is the Difference Between ABO and Rh Antigens
ABO classifies bllod based on the presence of A and B antigens as well the types of peoples blood, while Rh provides the + or - label depending pn whether or not the RhD antigen is present.
