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Animal Biology > Study #6: Test 3: Birds > Flashcards

Study #6: Test 3: Birds Flashcards

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1
Q

Diapsids

A
  • *Amniote tetrapods
  • *2 holes in each side of skull (temporal fenestra)
  • *late Carboniferous period (300MillYrsAgo)
  • *Descended from archosaurs
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2
Q

Members of Diapsids

A 
Crocodiles
Lizards
snakes
tuatara
birds
non-avian dinosaurs (theropods)
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3
Q

Theropods

A

Had feathers for insulation, water repellency, etc.

PREDATED FLIGHT

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4
Q

Archeopteryx-Jurassic

150 mya fossil

A
  • *theropod dino w/ feathers
  • *Many modern bird traits:
  • clawed fingers to climb trees
  • toothed beak
  • long reptile-like tail
  • hindlimbs for bipedal running
  • short, rounded wings for gliding or short flight
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5
Q

Class Aves: Birds

A 
1. Adapted for flight: 
wings
feathers
high metabolic rate
endothermy
vertebral column and bones with air spaces
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6
Q

Class Aves: Birds (cont.)

A
  1. Horny bill and no teeth
  2. Diverse feeding habits with different bills for specific habits.
  3. Endothermic with countercurrent heat exchange systems in feet
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7
Q

Generalized bill

A

Raven

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8
Q

Seed cracker

A

Cardinal

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9
Q

Worm burrow probe

A

American Avocet

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10
Q

Tears meat

A

EAgle

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11
Q

Fish spear

A

arhinga

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12
Q

dip net

A

pelican

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13
Q

nut cracker

A

parrot

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14
Q

mud shifter

A

flamingo

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15
Q

General Traits of Birds

A
  1. Feathers: glands secrete oil for water repellency
  2. Median keel sternum & paired clavicles for flight muscles to attach
  3. Flight muscles very vascular and a lot of mitochondria.
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16
Q

Anatomy of wing

A

Humerus with scapular feathers
Ulna with secondary feathers
Hand bones with primary feathers

17
Q

Anatomy of skull

A 
Sclerotic ring
orbit for eye
nostril 
maxilla & mandible
quadrate (hinges maxilla & mandible)
18
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Fused clavicle, coracoid connects to sternum with keel, ribs connect to scapula
Pygostyle: end of pectoral girdle

19
Q

Leg

A 
Femur (thigh bone)
Fibula/Tibiotarsus (shin)
Heel
Fused ankle bone
4 toes
20
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

legs connect into it

21
Q

Wings

A

Form airfoil:
thicker anterior margins
convex upper surface
concave lower surface

22
Q

Air flow around wings

A

Lowest pressure and most lift when air flows fast over upper surface
Smaller area of high pressure and lift underneath wing
Angle of attack (see slide)

23
Q

Tail

A

Balance, steering and braking

24
Q

Circulation: Heart

A

large and beats rapidly
Seperate atria & ventricles (res. in seperate pulmonary and atrial circuits) to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing

25
Q

Respiratory system

A

Complex and efficient

Air sacs throughout body that connect to lungs

26
Q

Breathing

A

Inspiration and expiration results from expansion and compression of air sacs

  • *takes 2 ventilatory cyclesto move air thru Resp. system
  • *results in oxygen rich air at all times, very little dead space
27
Q

Excretion

A

Similar demands to reptiles

**excrete uric acid

28
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Salt glands drain excess salt in marine birds

Glands have lobe and central canal

29
Q

Nervous system

A

well devel brain

**lg forebrain due to lg cerebral hemispheres

30
Q

Vision

A 
most important sense
large eyes rel. to body size
Double focusing mechanish
Mono and binocular vision
Both rods and cones
31
Q

Hearing

A

well developed

32
Q

Olfaction

A

poor

Animal Biology (23 decks)

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