studocu study Flashcards
1
Q
what is the basis of the doctrine of signatures
A
things in the world are “encoded” with clues as to their purpose
2
Q
why are all-in-one cold medications a poor choice to treat a cold?
A
many ingredients interfere with eachother
3
Q
what is a counter-indication?
A
a condition for which a medication should not be used
4
Q
what is trepenation
A
cutting a hole in the skull
5
Q
which of the following herbal remedies makes a poor combination with Tylenol (acetaminophen)
A
St. John’s wort
6
Q
the most common cause of cancer is
A
tobacco
7
Q
testing athletes for steroid use is performed using a GC/MS (gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer). How does this instrument work?
A
the GC sorts molecules that are then weighed by the MS
8
Q
Which of the following drugs killed 18 cyclists during 1987 to 1989
A
erythropoietin (EPO)
9
Q
aspirin is considered to be stomach irritant because ….
A
it decreases the production of mucus and increases the production of acid
10
Q
what does not cause toxic headaches
A
processed foods containing MSG
11
Q
Sumatriptan is an agonist of which of the following neurotransmitters?
A
benzene ring and pentagonal ring
NH and NH2 and OH are functional groups
(see image on studocu)
12
Q
What does a human cell use to signal to the immune system that it is infected with a virus?
A
MHC receptor
13
Q
why are purified drugs safer than extracts
A
Doses can be controlled more precisely using purified materials
14
Q
What do antibodies stick to?
A
epitopes
15
Q
Which of the following represents a better deal?
a. Regular Motrin (200 mg ibuprofen each tablet) at $11.99 for a box of 50
b. Regular Advil (200 mg ibuprofen each tablet) at $23.99 for a box of 100
c. ACME brand ibuprofen (200 mg each tablet) at $7.99 for a box of 25
d. OGILVIE brand ibuprofen (200 mg ibuprofen each tablet) at $9.99 for a box of 250
A
D
16
Q
which of the following foods probably contain MSG
a. caesar salad
b. whole wheat bread
c. canned spaghetti sauce
d. pasteurized milk
A
c. canned spaghetti sauce
17
Q
Which of the following was highly profitable for the drug industry because of illegal use?
a. Methamphetamine b. Ecstasy c. Demerol d. Fentanyl
A
a. Methamphetamine
18
Q
what is a teratogen
A
substance causing birth defects
19
Q
What is the major reason why industrial chemicals are dangerous?
A
industrial chemicals are produced in very large quantities
20
Q
which drug can be used to make explosives?
A
acetasalicylic acid
21
Q
What is the most common side effect of first generation antihistamines?
A
Drowsiness
22
Q
What potentially serious side effect is associated with asthma inhalers?
A
Heart attack
23
Q
What is the most common side effect of metal heart valve replacement?
A
clicking sound
24
Q
According to Health Canada, how much salt should the average person consume each day?
A
1000-1500 mg
25
Which blood pressure regulatory system can be controlled with drugs?
secondary
26
Which of the following natural remedies is highly effective in treating congestive heart failure?
foxglove
27
What natural health product does Health Canada warn against taking for angina?
arginine
28
Which of the following indicates an increased risk of heart attack?
a. LDL/HDL ratio less than 3
b. HDL/LDL ratio less than 3
c. LDL/HDL ratio more than 5
d. HDL/LDL ratio more than 5
LDL/HDL ratio more than 5
29
why are vegetables oils hydrogenated by the food industry
improve mouth feel of food
30
What legal loophole did Pfizer use to get fast-track FDA approval for Lipitor?
orphan drug act
31
what drugs are added to herbal incense
designer analgesics
32
What patent medicine was the alcoholic version of Coca-Cola?
Vin Mariani
33
How is cocaine converted into crack?
Dissolve cocaine hydrochloride in water and add baking soda
34
34. Which of the following is characteristic of LSD intoxication?
a. Compliant and highly sexual
b. Easily fall asleep
c. Extreme aggression
d. Sensation of flying
d. Sensation of flying
35
what neurotransmitter do many hallucinogens resemble?
serotonin
36
Bath salts are “legal” versions of what natural (but illegal) narcotic?
Khat (cathinone)
37
37. What “smart” drug is given to everyone in Canada, essentially without their knowledge?
a. Iodide b. Vitamin D c. Lithium d. Fluoride
a. Iodide
38
How large is the world market for counterfeit drugs?
$75 billion
39
Why do many people take saw pimento?
Benign prostate hyperplasia
40
what causes garlic breath
Garlic chemicals in your blood
41
Why do some people take glucosamine supplements?
arthritis
42
What substance, found in human sweat, is present in many perfumes and colognes?
Androstenone
43
What substance is released during breastfeeding and promotes mother-child bonding?
oxytocin
44
What is a substance that elicits a specific unlearned response in another member of the same species called?
pheromone
45
How are most aphrodisiacs discovered?
by applying the doctrine of signatures
46
What did Giles Brindley ask members of his audience to do?
touch his erection
47
Why was Alprostadil considered a success?
It proved that erectile dysfunction had a physical cause
48
The biggest obstacles to using appropriate pain medications for those experiencing chronic pain is
Social attitudes and legal barriers
49
What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?
What do you mean, African or European swallow?
50
Joseph Lister is associated with the development of what important medical breakthrough?
antisepsis
51
Which of the following was associated with the doctrine of signatures?
a) blood b) black bile c) mandrake d) bloodletting
c) mandrake
52
what was the responsibility of the board if food and drug inspection that was founded in 1907
to ensure that drugs were properly labeled
53
Which of the following statements regarding the discovery of Aspirin is true?
a) Aspirin was discovered by the reverend Edward Stone in 1763 b) Willow bark was used as a treatment for malaria
c) Aspirin was first isolated from willow bark
d) Aspirin was manufactured from coal tar
d) Aspirin was manufactured from coal tar
54
Which of the following drugs is not to be given to children?
a) naproxen b) ibuprofen c) Aspirin d) Tylenol
c) aspirin
55
What is the major difference between name brand and generic drugs?
the price of each product
56
Which medication should you not use for a hangover?
acetaminophen
57
Tryptan drugs abort migraine by...
activating the nerve signals normally carried by serotonin
58
Which of these statements about the common cold is true?
the incidence of colds decreases with age
59
Antihistamines produce which of the following combinations of effects?
a) clear up runny eyes, stop sneezing, suppress appetite
b) reduce coughing and induce drowsiness
c) clear up runny eyes, stop sneezing, induce drowsiness
d) reduce coughing and suppress appetite
c) clear up runny eyes, stop sneezing, induce drowsiness
60
What is the best choice to reduce nasal congestion due to a cold?
Sinutab Extra Strength containing pseudoephedrine
61
Which of the following substances, found in tobacco, is not a significant cause of cancer?
nicotine
62
What was the extremely important medical contribution made by Henrietta Lacks in the 1950s?
she was the source of the HeLa cell line
63
How do many cancer drugs work?
chemically alter DNA inside cancer cells
64
Which method do most doctors use to select a course of treatment?
faith and intuition in their own judgment
65
Which of the following statements is false ?
a)plants are a good source of medicines because they are a good source of poisons
b)ancient cultures made extensive use of plants in medicine
c)ancient drugs derived from plants tended to be strong poisons with easily observed effects
d)drugs obtained from plants are safer than synthetic versions
d)drugs obtained from plants are safer than synthe>c versions
66
the basis of doctrine of signatures
c)things in the world are “encoded” with clues as to their purpose
67
How much money is spent buying over the counter (OTC) medications each year in North America ?
$25 billion
68
what is considered to be a bodily humor?
yellow bile
69
Which of the following has had the biggest benefit to human survival?
a)pure drinking water
b)advanced surgical techniques
c)creation of the F.D.A
d)the discovery of artficial drugs
b)advanced surgical techniques
70
What term, first used in the 1800’s, is applied to false or fake medication?
patent medicine
71
How much of the world’s drugs does the US consume?
49%
72
Why is chlorophyll used to reduce bad breath?
its green
73
What was the major source of drugs in ancient times ?
plants
74
what is counter indication
A condition for which a medication should not be used
75
Why is children’s Tylenol sold in small boales?
it prevents accidental overdosin
76
Which of the following medications is known to produce liver damage ?
tylonel
77
Which of the following medications is known to produce kidney damage ?
advil
78
how does aspirin work
it prevents cyclooxygenase from making prostaglandins
79
What term describes a drug that reduces fever?
antipyretic
80
What is the source of the chemicals used to make synthetic drugs ?
oil
81
Why was Vioxx removed from the market?
The company was losing too much money in lawsuits
82
Which of the following statements regarding the discovery of aspirin is true?
a)Aspirin was the first formulated drug
b)Aspirin was the first homeopathic drug
c)Aspirin was the first synthetic drug
d)Aspirin was the first artificial drug
d)Aspirin was the first artificial drug
83
Long term use of Aspirin or ibuprofen produces stomach irritation because...
They prevent COX-1 from functioning in the stomach
84
Which of these products contain the same drug?
a)Advil and Motrin b)Tylenol and Aspirin
c)Aspirin and Advil d)Motrin and Tylenol
a)Advil and Motrin
85
What is the name of the chemical in willow that reduces pain?
salicin
86
What are most fatal cases of Aspirin poisoning the result of?
suicide
87
What three things are the same in name brand and generic brand drugs?
active ingredient, dose and bioavailability
88
What common waste product was the source of the first artificial drugs?
coal tar
89
what was trepanation used for
prevent headaches
90
what is the final stage of migraine headache
postdrome
91
Which of the following statements concerning vascular headaches is true?
Some vascular headaches are caused by poisons
92
How dose tryptan drugs reduce migraine pain ?
Selectively replacing serotonin
93
What is the source of pain in a muscular headaches?
Muscles around the skull squeezing tissues
94
What property of alcoholic beverages can be used to predict hangover severity (assuming equal amounts of alcohol consumed)
color
95
What percentage of men get migraines ?
6%
96
What is a common effect during the aura phase of migraine?
scotomas
97
What metabolite contributes the least to hangover severity?
acetic acid
98
What is MSG used for ?
enhances other flavors
99
What was the original source of MSG?
seaweed
100
Decongestants produce which of the following combinations of effects?
Clear up runny eyes, dry up runny nose and suppress appe>te
101
How are most clods transmiaed ?
Touching surfaces containing viruses than touching your face
102
What is the difference between a sinus cold and a regular cold ?
no difference
103
What cold symptom would you use a product containing benzocaine to treat?
sore throat
104
You have a runny nose. Which of the following cold medica>on ingredients should you consider using ?
pseudoephedrine
105
Approximately how many different viruses cause colds ?
200
106
Why are tumors difficult to treat with drugs?
Tumor cells are similar to normal cells
107
Which statement about tumor formation is true ?
A tumor requires about 20 years to form
107
What is the basis for selecvity in cancer chemotherapy?
Tumor cells grow much faster than normal cells
108
What is apoptosis?
Cellular self-destruction
109
How was the cancer drug Cispla>n discovered?
Passing an electric current through
110
Which of the following foods , when consumed in large amounts, increases your risk of developing cancer?
Steak
111
Which of the following is actually a viral disease?
Cervical cancer
112
On average, how many mutations are required to cause cancer?
10 per cell
113
Approximately what percentage of fatal cancers are caused by smoking?
30%
114
Which performance enhancing substance is currently the most difficult to detect?
Erythropoietin
115
How do anabolic steroids benefit an athlete?
Anabolic steroids speed repair of damaged muscle fibers.
116
Why are drugs usually given to horses that are involved in racing ?
To make them run slower
117
Why were amphetamines given to allied soldiers during WWII
Increase aggression
118
Which country first used testosterone for sports training?
Soviet Union
119
How is recombinant (genetically engineered) human protein made?
Insert human gene into bacteria
120
What does erythropoietin (EPO) do in the body?
Stimulate the manufacture of the red blood cells
121
What does the size of a peak from a Gas chromatograph (GC) tell you?
Amount of molecules present
122
What drug is used to mask steroid use?
Epitestosterone
123
How long does the process of blood doping take(assuming the athlete uses their own blood)
3months
124
What is the means by which sulfa drugs inhibit bacterial growth?
Sulfa drugs become stuck in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F
125
Which of the following statements about penicillin is true?
The major side effect associated with penicillin is allergy
126
In the year 1900 what was the leading cause of death in Canada?
infection
127
Which type of antibiotic causes cells to explode ?
Penicillin
128
129
What type of microbe is affected by antibiotics?
bacteria
130
Why does penicillin cause allergy?
It reacts chemically with enzymes in the body
131
What food supply was important for large scale penicillin manufacture?
Milk
132
What technique must be used to treat necrotizing fasciitis?
Debridement
133
The most common cause of death due to tobacco smoking is
Heart atack
134
Which of the following is caused by cigarette smoking?
Aged skin and wrinkles
135
How much nicotine is delivered to a smoker from each cigarette?
2mg
136
Why is carbon monoxide(CO) dangerous?
it interferes with oxygen transport
137
Which is NOT part of the scientific definition of addictiveness?
Intoxication
138
Why is nicotine potentially dangerous?
it stimulates the heart
139
The following depicts the ac>on of what kind of drug ?
agonist
140
What substance in e-cigareaes is probably the most dangerous?
nicotine
141
What happens when a messenger binds to a receptor?
Receptor changes shape
142
Which of the following is NOT a component of e-fluid?
Preservative
143
What do an>bodies s>ck to?
epitopes
144
What kind of cell carries an IgM an>body?
b cells
145
What do most vaccines contain?
Dead or attenuated disease microbe
146
What metabolic product is squalene converted into in the human body?
steroids
147
Why did parents link autism to vaccines?
The symptoms of autism appear at the same age that vaccinations are done
148
What is thiomersal?
Substance used to alter microbes in vaccines
149
What is the func>on of the adap>ve immune system?
Provides a delayed and specific response to microbes???
150
How does the immune system recognize virally infected cells?
T cells stick to MHC molecules carrying viral protein
151
Which of the following disorders was blamed on the MF59 vaccine addic>ve
Gulf war syndrome
152
What disease reported only 37 cases last year in the world ?
measles
152
What is used to make the flu vaccine?
Eggs
152
What factor tends to vastly inflate our percep>on of risk?
Dread
152
What two factors contribute to risk from drugs?
Exposure and toxicity
152
The probability of something causing harm is called
Risk
153
Which of the following could be considered a hazard
Paint stored in your house
154
Which of the following represents the greatest risk ?
Driving in your car
155
When amphetamines were first marketed, what were they primarily used for?
As a nasal decongestant in cold medications
156
Why did the International Olympic Committee restrict drug use by athletes during competition?
Improper drug use was harmful to the health of the athletes
157
What was the principal technique that East German athletes used to mask steroid use?
Injecting Epitestosterone Just Before Competition
158
The safest way to obtain human protein for drug use is to
Make The Protein Using Genetic Modification
159
How do sulfa drugs inhibit bacterial growth?
Sulfa drugs become “stuck” in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F
160
Which of the following statements about modern penicillin-type drugs is false?
Sulfa drugs become “stuck” in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F
161
Which of the following statements about modern penicillin-type drugs is false?
Most penicillin drugs sold today are natural forms
162
Why did early tobacco smokers prefer to smoke pipes?
The stem of the pipe removed chemicals that irritate the smokers throat
163
Which of the following substances, found in tobacco, is not a significant cause of cancer?
Nicotine
164
Why is ammonia added to cigarette tobacco?
Ammonia removes acids that destroy nicotine thus increasing nicotine delivery
164
What type of cell provides the primary immunologic memory for bacterial infections?
B Cells
165
Why are adjuvants added to vaccines?
Adjuvants reduce the need for booster shots
166
Which of the following does not contain squalene?
Anthrax Vaccine
167
Which of the following diseases kills the most people in the world today?
AIDS
168
what does NOT contain antihistamines ?
diet pills
169
Why do people get fewer colds as they age?
as you get older you build up immunity
170
What is the best method to use when choosing cold medica>on?
read the list of ingredients
171
How do many doctors make decisions about pa>ent treatment?
they rely more on intuition and faith in their own judgement
172
What type of sta>s>cal informa>on is easiest to use to evaluate risk ?
absolute numbers
173
Why are most new drugs artificially designed rather than discovered in nature?
Natural source drugs are often difficult to manufacture in large quantities
174
Why do many people incorrectly evaluate risk in modern life?
People judge risks using emotional responses rather than rational thought
175
Why do most people avoid sta>s>cs when making decisions about risk?
They have an emo>onal need for certainty
176
What is displayed on the outside of a killer T cell
cd8 receptor
176
