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studocu study Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basis of the doctrine of signatures

A

things in the world are “encoded” with clues as to their purpose

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2
Q

why are all-in-one cold medications a poor choice to treat a cold?

A

many ingredients interfere with eachother

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3
Q

what is a counter-indication?

A

a condition for which a medication should not be used

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4
Q

what is trepenation

A

cutting a hole in the skull

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5
Q

which of the following herbal remedies makes a poor combination with Tylenol (acetaminophen)

A

St. John’s wort

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6
Q

the most common cause of cancer is

A

tobacco

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7
Q

testing athletes for steroid use is performed using a GC/MS (gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer). How does this instrument work?

A

the GC sorts molecules that are then weighed by the MS

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8
Q

Which of the following drugs killed 18 cyclists during 1987 to 1989

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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9
Q

aspirin is considered to be stomach irritant because ….

A

it decreases the production of mucus and increases the production of acid

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10
Q

what does not cause toxic headaches

A

processed foods containing MSG

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11
Q

Sumatriptan is an agonist of which of the following neurotransmitters?

A

benzene ring and pentagonal ring

NH and NH2 and OH are functional groups

(see image on studocu)

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12
Q

What does a human cell use to signal to the immune system that it is infected with a virus?

A

MHC receptor

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13
Q

why are purified drugs safer than extracts

A

Doses can be controlled more precisely using purified materials

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14
Q

What do antibodies stick to?

A

epitopes

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15
Q

Which of the following represents a better deal?

a. Regular Motrin (200 mg ibuprofen each tablet) at $11.99 for a box of 50

b. Regular Advil (200 mg ibuprofen each tablet) at $23.99 for a box of 100

c. ACME brand ibuprofen (200 mg each tablet) at $7.99 for a box of 25

d. OGILVIE brand ibuprofen (200 mg ibuprofen each tablet) at $9.99 for a box of 250

A

D

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16
Q

which of the following foods probably contain MSG

a. caesar salad

b. whole wheat bread

c. canned spaghetti sauce

d. pasteurized milk

A

c. canned spaghetti sauce

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17
Q

Which of the following was highly profitable for the drug industry because of illegal use?

a. Methamphetamine b. Ecstasy c. Demerol d. Fentanyl

A

a. Methamphetamine

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18
Q

what is a teratogen

A

substance causing birth defects

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19
Q

What is the major reason why industrial chemicals are dangerous?

A

industrial chemicals are produced in very large quantities

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20
Q

which drug can be used to make explosives?

A

acetasalicylic acid

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21
Q

What is the most common side effect of first generation antihistamines?

A

Drowsiness

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22
Q

What potentially serious side effect is associated with asthma inhalers?

A

Heart attack

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23
Q

What is the most common side effect of metal heart valve replacement?

A

clicking sound

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24
Q

According to Health Canada, how much salt should the average person consume each day?

A

1000-1500 mg

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25
Q

Which blood pressure regulatory system can be controlled with drugs?

A

secondary

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26
Q

Which of the following natural remedies is highly effective in treating congestive heart failure?

A

foxglove

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27
Q

What natural health product does Health Canada warn against taking for angina?

A

arginine

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28
Q

Which of the following indicates an increased risk of heart attack?

a. LDL/HDL ratio less than 3
b. HDL/LDL ratio less than 3
c. LDL/HDL ratio more than 5
d. HDL/LDL ratio more than 5

A

LDL/HDL ratio more than 5

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29
Q

why are vegetables oils hydrogenated by the food industry

A

improve mouth feel of food

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30
Q

What legal loophole did Pfizer use to get fast-track FDA approval for Lipitor?

A

orphan drug act

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31
Q

what drugs are added to herbal incense

A

designer analgesics

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32
Q

What patent medicine was the alcoholic version of Coca-Cola?

A

Vin Mariani

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33
Q

How is cocaine converted into crack?

A

Dissolve cocaine hydrochloride in water and add baking soda

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34
Q
  1. Which of the following is characteristic of LSD intoxication?

a. Compliant and highly sexual

b. Easily fall asleep

c. Extreme aggression

d. Sensation of flying

A

d. Sensation of flying

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35
Q

what neurotransmitter do many hallucinogens resemble?

A

serotonin

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36
Q

Bath salts are “legal” versions of what natural (but illegal) narcotic?

A

Khat (cathinone)

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37
Q
  1. What “smart” drug is given to everyone in Canada, essentially without their knowledge?

a. Iodide b. Vitamin D c. Lithium d. Fluoride

A

a. Iodide

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38
Q

How large is the world market for counterfeit drugs?

A

$75 billion

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39
Q

Why do many people take saw pimento?

A

Benign prostate hyperplasia

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40
Q

what causes garlic breath

A

Garlic chemicals in your blood

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41
Q

Why do some people take glucosamine supplements?

A

arthritis

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42
Q

What substance, found in human sweat, is present in many perfumes and colognes?

A

Androstenone

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43
Q

What substance is released during breastfeeding and promotes mother-child bonding?

A

oxytocin

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44
Q

What is a substance that elicits a specific unlearned response in another member of the same species called?

A

pheromone

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45
Q

How are most aphrodisiacs discovered?

A

by applying the doctrine of signatures

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46
Q

What did Giles Brindley ask members of his audience to do?

A

touch his erection

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47
Q

Why was Alprostadil considered a success?

A

It proved that erectile dysfunction had a physical cause

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48
Q

The biggest obstacles to using appropriate pain medications for those experiencing chronic pain is

A

Social attitudes and legal barriers

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49
Q

What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?

A

What do you mean, African or European swallow?

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50
Q

Joseph Lister is associated with the development of what important medical breakthrough?

A

antisepsis

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51
Q

Which of the following was associated with the doctrine of signatures?

a) blood b) black bile c) mandrake d) bloodletting

A

c) mandrake

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52
Q

what was the responsibility of the board if food and drug inspection that was founded in 1907

A

to ensure that drugs were properly labeled

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53
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the discovery of Aspirin is true?

a) Aspirin was discovered by the reverend Edward Stone in 1763 b) Willow bark was used as a treatment for malaria
c) Aspirin was first isolated from willow bark
d) Aspirin was manufactured from coal tar

A

d) Aspirin was manufactured from coal tar

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54
Q

Which of the following drugs is not to be given to children?

a) naproxen b) ibuprofen c) Aspirin d) Tylenol

A

c) aspirin

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55
Q

What is the major difference between name brand and generic drugs?

A

the price of each product

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56
Q

Which medication should you not use for a hangover?

A

acetaminophen

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57
Q

Tryptan drugs abort migraine by…

A

activating the nerve signals normally carried by serotonin

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58
Q

Which of these statements about the common cold is true?

A

the incidence of colds decreases with age

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59
Q

Antihistamines produce which of the following combinations of effects?

a) clear up runny eyes, stop sneezing, suppress appetite

b) reduce coughing and induce drowsiness

c) clear up runny eyes, stop sneezing, induce drowsiness

d) reduce coughing and suppress appetite

A

c) clear up runny eyes, stop sneezing, induce drowsiness

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60
Q

What is the best choice to reduce nasal congestion due to a cold?

A

Sinutab Extra Strength containing pseudoephedrine

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61
Q

Which of the following substances, found in tobacco, is not a significant cause of cancer?

A

nicotine

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62
Q

What was the extremely important medical contribution made by Henrietta Lacks in the 1950s?

A

she was the source of the HeLa cell line

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63
Q

How do many cancer drugs work?

A

chemically alter DNA inside cancer cells

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64
Q

Which method do most doctors use to select a course of treatment?

A

faith and intuition in their own judgment

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65
Q

Which of the following statements is false ?

a)plants are a good source of medicines because they are a good source of poisons

b)ancient cultures made extensive use of plants in medicine

c)ancient drugs derived from plants tended to be strong poisons with easily observed effects

d)drugs obtained from plants are safer than synthetic versions

A

d)drugs obtained from plants are safer than synthe>c versions

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66
Q

the basis of doctrine of signatures

A

c)things in the world are “encoded” with clues as to their purpose

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67
Q

How much money is spent buying over the counter (OTC) medications each year in North America ?

A

$25 billion

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68
Q

what is considered to be a bodily humor?

A

yellow bile

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69
Q

Which of the following has had the biggest benefit to human survival?

a)pure drinking water

b)advanced surgical techniques

c)creation of the F.D.A

d)the discovery of artficial drugs

A

b)advanced surgical techniques

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70
Q

What term, first used in the 1800’s, is applied to false or fake medication?

A

patent medicine

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71
Q

How much of the world’s drugs does the US consume?

A

49%

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72
Q

Why is chlorophyll used to reduce bad breath?

A

its green

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73
Q

What was the major source of drugs in ancient times ?

A

plants

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74
Q

what is counter indication

A

A condition for which a medication should not be used

75
Q

Why is children’s Tylenol sold in small boales?

A

it prevents accidental overdosin

76
Q

Which of the following medications is known to produce liver damage ?

A

tylonel

77
Q

Which of the following medications is known to produce kidney damage ?

A

advil

78
Q

how does aspirin work

A

it prevents cyclooxygenase from making prostaglandins

79
Q

What term describes a drug that reduces fever?

A

antipyretic

80
Q

What is the source of the chemicals used to make synthetic drugs ?

A

oil

81
Q

Why was Vioxx removed from the market?

A

The company was losing too much money in lawsuits

82
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the discovery of aspirin is true?

a)Aspirin was the first formulated drug

b)Aspirin was the first homeopathic drug

c)Aspirin was the first synthetic drug

d)Aspirin was the first artificial drug

A

d)Aspirin was the first artificial drug

83
Q

Long term use of Aspirin or ibuprofen produces stomach irritation because…

A

They prevent COX-1 from functioning in the stomach

84
Q

Which of these products contain the same drug?

a)Advil and Motrin b)Tylenol and Aspirin
c)Aspirin and Advil d)Motrin and Tylenol

A

a)Advil and Motrin

85
Q

What is the name of the chemical in willow that reduces pain?

A

salicin

86
Q

What are most fatal cases of Aspirin poisoning the result of?

A

suicide

87
Q

What three things are the same in name brand and generic brand drugs?

A

active ingredient, dose and bioavailability

88
Q

What common waste product was the source of the first artificial drugs?

A

coal tar

89
Q

what was trepanation used for

A

prevent headaches

90
Q

what is the final stage of migraine headache

A

postdrome

91
Q

Which of the following statements concerning vascular headaches is true?

A

Some vascular headaches are caused by poisons

92
Q

How dose tryptan drugs reduce migraine pain ?

A

Selectively replacing serotonin

93
Q

What is the source of pain in a muscular headaches?

A

Muscles around the skull squeezing tissues

94
Q

What property of alcoholic beverages can be used to predict hangover severity (assuming equal amounts of alcohol consumed)

A

color

95
Q

What percentage of men get migraines ?

A

6%

96
Q

What is a common effect during the aura phase of migraine?

A

scotomas

97
Q

What metabolite contributes the least to hangover severity?

A

acetic acid

98
Q

What is MSG used for ?

A

enhances other flavors

99
Q

What was the original source of MSG?

A

seaweed

100
Q

Decongestants produce which of the following combinations of effects?

A

Clear up runny eyes, dry up runny nose and suppress appe>te

101
Q

How are most clods transmiaed ?

A

Touching surfaces containing viruses than touching your face

102
Q

What is the difference between a sinus cold and a regular cold ?

A

no difference

103
Q

What cold symptom would you use a product containing benzocaine to treat?

A

sore throat

104
Q

You have a runny nose. Which of the following cold medica>on ingredients should you consider using ?

A

pseudoephedrine

105
Q

Approximately how many different viruses cause colds ?

A

200

106
Q

Why are tumors difficult to treat with drugs?

A

Tumor cells are similar to normal cells

107
Q

Which statement about tumor formation is true ?

A

A tumor requires about 20 years to form

107
Q

What is the basis for selecvity in cancer chemotherapy?

A

Tumor cells grow much faster than normal cells

108
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cellular self-destruction

109
Q

How was the cancer drug Cispla>n discovered?

A

Passing an electric current through

110
Q

Which of the following foods , when consumed in large amounts, increases your risk of developing cancer?

A

Steak

111
Q

Which of the following is actually a viral disease?

A

Cervical cancer

112
Q

On average, how many mutations are required to cause cancer?

A

10 per cell

113
Q

Approximately what percentage of fatal cancers are caused by smoking?

A

30%

114
Q

Which performance enhancing substance is currently the most difficult to detect?

A

Erythropoietin

115
Q

How do anabolic steroids benefit an athlete?

A

Anabolic steroids speed repair of damaged muscle fibers.

116
Q

Why are drugs usually given to horses that are involved in racing ?

A

To make them run slower

117
Q

Why were amphetamines given to allied soldiers during WWII

A

Increase aggression

118
Q

Which country first used testosterone for sports training?

A

Soviet Union

119
Q

How is recombinant (genetically engineered) human protein made?

A

Insert human gene into bacteria

120
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) do in the body?

A

Stimulate the manufacture of the red blood cells

121
Q

What does the size of a peak from a Gas chromatograph (GC) tell you?

A

Amount of molecules present

122
Q

What drug is used to mask steroid use?

A

Epitestosterone

123
Q

How long does the process of blood doping take(assuming the athlete uses their own blood)

A

3months

124
Q

What is the means by which sulfa drugs inhibit bacterial growth?

A

Sulfa drugs become stuck in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F

125
Q

Which of the following statements about penicillin is true?

A

The major side effect associated with penicillin is allergy

126
Q

In the year 1900 what was the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

infection

127
Q

Which type of antibiotic causes cells to explode ?

A

Penicillin

128
Q
A
129
Q

What type of microbe is affected by antibiotics?

A

bacteria

130
Q

Why does penicillin cause allergy?

A

It reacts chemically with enzymes in the body

131
Q

What food supply was important for large scale penicillin manufacture?

A

Milk

132
Q

What technique must be used to treat necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Debridement

133
Q

The most common cause of death due to tobacco smoking is

A

Heart atack

134
Q

Which of the following is caused by cigarette smoking?

A

Aged skin and wrinkles

135
Q

How much nicotine is delivered to a smoker from each cigarette?

A

2mg

136
Q

Why is carbon monoxide(CO) dangerous?

A

it interferes with oxygen transport

137
Q

Which is NOT part of the scientific definition of addictiveness?

A

Intoxication

138
Q

Why is nicotine potentially dangerous?

A

it stimulates the heart

139
Q

The following depicts the ac>on of what kind of drug ?

A

agonist

140
Q

What substance in e-cigareaes is probably the most dangerous?

A

nicotine

141
Q

What happens when a messenger binds to a receptor?

A

Receptor changes shape

142
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of e-fluid?

A

Preservative

143
Q

What do an>bodies s>ck to?

A

epitopes

144
Q

What kind of cell carries an IgM an>body?

A

b cells

145
Q

What do most vaccines contain?

A

Dead or attenuated disease microbe

146
Q

What metabolic product is squalene converted into in the human body?

A

steroids

147
Q

Why did parents link autism to vaccines?

A

The symptoms of autism appear at the same age that vaccinations are done

148
Q

What is thiomersal?

A

Substance used to alter microbes in vaccines

149
Q

What is the func>on of the adap>ve immune system?

A

Provides a delayed and specific response to microbes???

150
Q

How does the immune system recognize virally infected cells?

A

T cells stick to MHC molecules carrying viral protein

151
Q

Which of the following disorders was blamed on the MF59 vaccine addic>ve

A

Gulf war syndrome

152
Q

What disease reported only 37 cases last year in the world ?

A

measles

152
Q

What is used to make the flu vaccine?

A

Eggs

152
Q

What factor tends to vastly inflate our percep>on of risk?

A

Dread

152
Q

What two factors contribute to risk from drugs?

A

Exposure and toxicity

152
Q

The probability of something causing harm is called

A

Risk

153
Q

Which of the following could be considered a hazard

A

Paint stored in your house

154
Q

Which of the following represents the greatest risk ?

A

Driving in your car

155
Q

When amphetamines were first marketed, what were they primarily used for?

A

As a nasal decongestant in cold medications

156
Q

Why did the International Olympic Committee restrict drug use by athletes during competition?

A

Improper drug use was harmful to the health of the athletes

157
Q

What was the principal technique that East German athletes used to mask steroid use?

A

Injecting Epitestosterone Just Before Competition

158
Q

The safest way to obtain human protein for drug use is to

A

Make The Protein Using Genetic Modification

159
Q

How do sulfa drugs inhibit bacterial growth?

A

Sulfa drugs become “stuck” in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F

160
Q

Which of the following statements about modern penicillin-type drugs is false?

A

Sulfa drugs become “stuck” in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F

161
Q

Which of the following statements about modern penicillin-type drugs is false?

A

Most penicillin drugs sold today are natural forms

162
Q

Why did early tobacco smokers prefer to smoke pipes?

A

The stem of the pipe removed chemicals that irritate the smokers throat

163
Q

Which of the following substances, found in tobacco, is not a significant cause of cancer?

A

Nicotine

164
Q

Why is ammonia added to cigarette tobacco?

A

Ammonia removes acids that destroy nicotine thus increasing nicotine delivery

164
Q

What type of cell provides the primary immunologic memory for bacterial infections?

A

B Cells

165
Q

Why are adjuvants added to vaccines?

A

Adjuvants reduce the need for booster shots

166
Q

Which of the following does not contain squalene?

A

Anthrax Vaccine

167
Q

Which of the following diseases kills the most people in the world today?

A

AIDS

168
Q

what does NOT contain antihistamines ?

A

diet pills

169
Q

Why do people get fewer colds as they age?

A

as you get older you build up immunity

170
Q

What is the best method to use when choosing cold medica>on?

A

read the list of ingredients

171
Q

How do many doctors make decisions about pa>ent treatment?

A

they rely more on intuition and faith in their own judgement

172
Q

What type of sta>s>cal informa>on is easiest to use to evaluate risk ?

A

absolute numbers

173
Q

Why are most new drugs artificially designed rather than discovered in nature?

A

Natural source drugs are often difficult to manufacture in large quantities

174
Q

Why do many people incorrectly evaluate risk in modern life?

A

People judge risks using emotional responses rather than rational thought

175
Q

Why do most people avoid sta>s>cs when making decisions about risk?

A

They have an emo>onal need for certainty

176
Q

What is displayed on the outside of a killer T cell

A

cd8 receptor

176
Q
A

bps final exam (3 decks)

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