Studies And Points: Gender

Question 1

McRobbie

Answer 1

Looked at girls magazine in the 1990s compared to the 1970s.
Found that the new magazines compared to the old promoted a fat more feminist message of women raising expectations for themselves and their careers.

Question 2

Mitos and Brown posits what theory?

Answer 2

That Girls have an advantage over boys in terms of GCSE and coursework.

This is because their early socialisation differs in promoting them to be more organised and self controlled. Girls also tend to have better oral language skills as well, working better with peers.

Question 3

Teacher attention,
an explanation by ….

One for gender
One for ethnicty

Answer 3

French and French:
Boys are more often reprimanded than girls. This creates a feeling of rejection by the education system.

Gilborn and Mirza: Black students were more likely to be disciplined or suspended.
Corroborated by Connoly’s study of Black Masculinity.
The myth of the Black criminal by Gilroy could also be explored.

Question 4

Sewell’s theory on gender differences in achievement.

Answer 4

That schools have become ‘feminised’.

Boys are punished for being boyish, having a more dominant, challenging dynamic in classrooms seen as disruptive and in need of ironing out.

Girls are more cooperative and thus don’t receive as much reprimanding.

Classrooms turn taking and subordination is more often rejected by boys, which is also polarising them.

Question 5

The theory of the ideal pupil identity according to _______

Answer 5

Archer

• ideal, is white and male from a middle class background.

But was first observed in Becker’s study of interviews with teachers

Question 6

Theory of symbolic capital by _____

Answer 6

Archer,

Status and recognition amongst peers, conflicts with school habitus.

Working class ideals are thus seen as worthless and in need of correcting.
* This is symbolic violence *

This translates to gender too.

• Either through the lens of Sewell *
• Or through the lens of school having hegemonic masculinity *

Question 8

Globalisation of male jobs is a theory by …

What is the theory?

Answer 8

Mitsos and Brown.

The jobs for in particular working class men, have been exported to other developing countries because it’s cheaper.
This defined the trajectory and ambition of many of their lives and so school was seen as secondary and demotivating.

Question 9

Can you list some reasons boys might be falling behind, theories that is.

Answer 9

. Globalisation of jobs.
. Feminisation of education.
. The shortage of male teachers.
. Literacy skills not socialised as much.
. Laddish subculture being an anti school subculture.

Question 10

Sharpe, interviewed girls in the 19__s and 19__s and found what?

Answer 10

They listed their priorities very differently, careers becoming more important and “love” and “children”, this coinciding with the boom in ‘modern feminism’ through fashion, celebrity culture and the aftermath of 2nd wave feminism domestic liberation conversation.

Question 11

There’s a __% gap of a pass rate between boys and girls
Girls:___%
Boys:___%

Answer 11

10%.

Girls: 50%
Boys: 40%

Question 12

Since 1975, the pay gap…

Answer 12

Has halved.

Question 14

In 2____, teacher assessments showed a higher degree of literacy/mathematics skills and social skills amongst girls in the U.K over boys.

Answer 14

In 2019

Question 15

In the year of 1998,
_______ made a point of saying that meritocracy had triumphed and barriers for girls had broken down.

Answer 15

Boaler

Question 16

I’m the 1990s, around ___% of teachers were female,
I’m the 2010s this was around ___%

Answer 16

40%
V
60%

Question 17

Whats Sewell’s take on why boys aren’t doing as well on average?

Answer 17

Feminisation of education system, eg: Lack of male role models in education.
And a culture of feminsiation, stunting aggressive competitiveness.

Question 18

What’s a counter to the claim that the education system lacks male role models for boys to take interest?

Answer 18

The people taught about in the education system are usually male, which has been noted by feminists criticising

Question 19

Epstein found that boys…

Answer 19

We’re likely to not have their academic success be supported by their peers, they were likely to be ridiculed, bullied, and suffer verbal abuse.

Question 20

What’s another way you could criticise Sewell’s claim about feminised education?
From angle of commentating on wider society.
Perhaps bringing Functionalist and Marxist theory about the role of education.

Answer 20

If anything, society and by extention the education system preparing students for it, is more competitive than ever by nature of people realising how competitive the job market is when more and more people in the population are

Question 21

There was a study about designing a boat.
Who did it?
More importantly, what did it show?

Answer 21

Browne and Ross.

Asked boys and girls in a classroom to design a boat.
Boys designed it more like a battleship.
Girls designed it more like a leisure cruiser.

Question 22

Sharpe’s study focuses on what?
What does it tell us.

Answer 22

Focuses on women’s priorities.

Young girls from the 1970s and 1990s, when asked to rank ideas in order of what they prioritised, did it very differently, implying social programming may be behind it, although anthropological views have been put forward too.

1990: Career was top
1970: Family was top

Question 23

In 2019 it was found that girls had on average a __% higher pass rate.

Answer 23

10% higher pass rate.

Question 24

Women and minorities are less likely to be in….

this should be considered when weighing arguments that talk about white working class boys being one of the lowest achieving demographic.

Answer 24

to be in the top jobs or in the top positions in their workplaces.

Question 25

remember the boat study?
tell yourself about it

Answer 25

Boys and girls were both asked to draw a boat.
Boys: warships
Girls: leisure cruisers

It’s speculated that this may be an early indicator of what subjects they typically gravitate towards.
eg, Boys: engineering
Girls: Nursing
stereotypically that is, but these trends still remain to a degree.

Question 26

Lees overserved what they called a ‘ ‘ meaning what?

Answer 26

A double standard.

referring to the sexual exploration and curiosity of Boys vs Girls in school.
Boys were encouraged to be aggressively boisterous in their sexual ‘conquests’ and Girls were ‘slut shamed’ and often carried labels through their time in school.

Question 27

Only 1% of the construction industry is

Answer 27

female.

Vocational courses are overwhelmingly dominated by young men.

Question 28

Karl McCartney, Conservative MP of Lincoln suggested that

Answer 28

Not enough attention was being given to the failure of the white working class male population in the U.K.
He echoed Sewell’s idea of the feminisation of education.

Question 30

Bonke discovered a figure in their research that’s interesting in giving insights into the intersectionality between Class and Gender.
What?

Answer 30

Bonke found that in 1999, Girls typically did 5x as much house chores as their brothers did.

An early conditioning of girls probably by the mother into adopting the carer role for families.

Question 31

Bonke’s discovery is corroborated by which researchers who found that girls from working class backgrounds were often ambitious but from a non individualistic angle?

Answer 31

Fuller: who was studying working class Black girls.

Evans: Studying 21 working class girls going through schools, asking them to comment on their experiences, aspirations, and thoughts on their family life.
All were ambitious to go to University, they saw the value in it for supporting their families with better wages.

Question 32

“Symbolic capital” - Who coined it.

“Symbolic violence” - Who coined it.

Answer 32

• Archer
  Referring to ‘hyper sexual feminine identities
• Bourdieu
  Referring to the exclusion of working class people through the inflexibly middle class structure and expectation of the education system designed to not accommodate