Studies And Points: Ethnic

Question 1

Strand.

Answer 1

Studied over 500,000 students.

Black students, particularly Carribean students, made substantially on average less progress than white counterparts.

Students from Bangledeshi and Pakistani backgrounds are less successful although recently they’ve been catching up.

African-Carribean students are disproportiately excluded.

However African-Carribean students also were reported to have high educational aspirations often exceeding white counterparts.

Question 2

Gilbourn and Mirza.
What did they find?

Answer 2

In the year 2000,
In one local authority education Black students on average were 20 percentage points ahead of any other ethnic group, but by the time they have their GCSE results they have the average lowest of any ethnic group.

Question 3

Wood et al

Answer 3

Applied for job vacancies with nakes from different ethnic backgrounds and the response rate for White names was 1/9; only 1/16 of other ethnicity names were offered a place.

Question 4

__% of Chinese girls receiving free school meals achieve 5 or more Higher grade GCSE.
For White girls this is __%

Answer 4

86%

65%

Question 5

Fuller

Answer 5

Black girls studied.

They were seen as disruptive but they studied hard and kept to their own circle.
They were ambitious without seeking the approval of teachers, they succeeded in education by channelling their frustration.

Question 6

Sewells theory of why Ethnic minority are missing out in education is what kind of theory, and from what type of sociological school?

Answer 6

It’s because of an absence of fathers and ‘tough love’. This (for boys in particular) instils discipline.
This is the fault of single parent families.
. This is a cultural deprivation theory
. This is from the New right school

Question 7

Ethnic minorities are _ times likely to be what?

Answer 7

3 times.
Homeless

Question 8

Ethnic minorities are more likely, if not homeless, to live in worse…

Answer 8

Housing.

Question 9

Wood found that ethnic minorities were more likely to be…

Answer 9

Denied a job compared to a while candidate who’s very similar.

Question 10

In 1965, what % of Black families were lone-parents families.
And if you can remember,

Who found this?

Answer 10

50%!!!!!!!!!!!!

Moynihan

Question 11

Ball came up with the theory of …

Answer 11

The ethnocentric curriculum

Question 12

What is the theory of the ethnocentic curriculum.

Who is it by?

Answer 12

Suggested by Ball.

The theory goes that minorities suffer ‘symbolic violence’ because of a glorified or muddied teaching of English imperialism’s history.

It also shows a lesser interest in the background of other cultures which reinforces the notion of white supremacy on a subliminal way even if it wasn’t meant to be propaganda.

Question 13

How many ways could their be institutional racism?
Think of as many as you can.

Answer 13

. In interviews, racist biases can surface.
. Opportunities and gifts may be given to white students because of their proximity to the idea of an ‘ideal students’ (eg: Archer).
. The ethnocentric curriculum.
. Teacher attention.
. No efforts to ease language barriers
. Turning a blind eye to racism (eg: the Guardian investigation from 2019 of U.K universities)

Question 14

What was Strand’s findings and analysis?

Answer 14

He found that Black Carribean boys were for example one demographic making substantially less progress than white counterparts.
This was even the case for those identified as more able students not on free school meals.

Question 15

Archer using their theory of pupil identity, had an explanation for why Chinese students were doing comparatively better.

What is the term given to their labelled pupil identity?

What is an observation on East-Asian culture that might enrich or challenge this theoy? According to New Right Theorist Sewell, concerned with primarily cultural deprivation.

Answer 15

The ‘pathologised pupil identity’, perceived as subordinated and feminine, with an oppressed identity.
Asian students unlike the ‘ideal pupil identity’ were seen as overachievers and not well adjusted.

This is because of their Confucius ideals of working hard early and respect for the Teacher in society.

Question 16

Who noted their was a series of failed strategies to avoid racism in schools?
That some teachers were racist but not always the same way?

Answer 16

Mirza

Question 17

What are Mirza’s 3 main types of teacher racism?

Answer 17

• Colour blind: Those that feel awkward about racism and so don’t challenge it.
• Liberal chauvanists: Those who think some of their students are just culturally deprived and so don’t encourage them to flourish because of low expectations.
• Overt Racists: Simply those who think some students are racially inferior and discriminate based on that belief.

Question 18

Sewell also noted that students react to racism differently.
Do you remember the 4 types of student?

Answer 18

The rebels: Those usually Black boys that cultivate and reinforce within their peers an anti school subculture where they find a hyper masculine identity through equating Black masculinity with sexual experience, and white boys as more feminine.

The conformists: Those keen to succeed who mix with other ethnic groups in hopes they’ll not be singled out by racist biases.

The retreatists: Those who disconnect from ambitions into fatalism.

The innovators: eg: Fullers study.
Those female Black students that harnessed their frustration with the system into motivation to succeed.

Question 19

To critical race theorists, inequality is ‘________ ____’

Answer 19

‘Locked in’

Question 20

The thinker primarily associated with Critical race theory is ….

Answer 20

Gilborn

Question 21

Moore and Davenport’s 1990 study looked into what?
What did they find?

Answer 21

Looked into marketisation’s exacerbation of segregation and replicating inequality.

They found that selection processes were not accommodating to give those with language difficulties the opportunities over others, that non English speaking parents were also disadvantaged in being able to make informed choices.

Similar to Gerwitz’s theory of marketisation and segregation.
Eg: ‘disconnected local choosers’

Question 22

In 2003, baseline assessment were used to assess all students.

______ theorizes that failure of ethnic minorities has been engineered. How?

Answer 22

Gilborn noted that when baseline assessments were replaced with teacher’s assessing them, and that very quickly a drop in the grading of Black pupils nation wide was observable.
It was not unheard of before this for Black students to be some of the higher early achievers according to local authorities.

Question 23

What is the ‘New IQism’?

Answer 23

Term from Gilborn.

It refers to how teachers put students in achievement brackets based on what they perceive their intelligence to be.
The new IQism is the falsehood of what is and isn’t representative of students abilities, which is often racialised when assessed or use outdated IQ test metrics which exposes to Gilborn a laziness of complacency to not adequately measure potential and by extention, help all students.

Question 24

Strand: appreciating that Black students are one of the demographics more likely to not succeed in the education system, noted what?

Answer 24

That through interviewing Black students, they appeared typically amongst some of the most motivated of students.

Question 25

IQ tests have actually become more popular in recent years to be used in education, seeing a reputational re-emergance.

Which theorist linked this to their theory on why ethnic minorities are falling behind typically?

Answer 25

Gilbourn links this to their theory of institutional racism.

Gilbourn notes there’s a ‘New IQism’

Educational tests, sometimes almost esoteric when coming to elite institutions, that reinforce the problems with streaming.

Question 26

Sewell comments on cultural norms amongst different ethnic groups.
What did they say? What examples

Answer 26

Chinese students have Confucian beliefs instilled in them.

Hindu Nationalist beliefs conflate success in academia as an honouring of one’s parents and culture.

Black households are often single parent, the absence of a positive tough love father figure is the problem for why Black boys are falling behind.

Question 28

Connoly’s study of masculinity ties to Archer’s theory how?

Answer 28

It validates the theory made by Archer, that of
Hyper-sexual demonised identities of Black boys and
The feminised, “pathologized” identity of Asian boys.

Question 29

What’s an ethnographic approach?

and which key researcher can you think of that took one for their study that’s worth remembering?

Answer 29

A demographic study focused on cultural dynamics. A interactionist approach.

Ingram studying the relationship between habitus and working class identity.

Question 30

It wasn’t Archer who came up with the term ‘symbolic violence’

who?

Answer 30

Bourdieu

Question 31

Asylum seekers may have broken or no English.
they’re excluded therefore from being able to make informed choices the same way the ‘___________ _______ ________’ (Gerwitz)

This is another way that the curriculum in the U.K might be argued to be ‘____________’

Answer 31

Disconnected local choosers.

Ethnocentric

Question 32

Criticism of Gillborn’s theories on the levels of institutional racism could be to point out which studies?

Answer 32

Strand: On Pakistani students having greater educational success than they have in previous decades.

Although we could speculate that this is because they’re probably the second or third generation people belonging to an immigrant family background and therefore have been socialised more so by their U.K surroundings. Credence to the theory on ethnocentrism.

Fuller: a great example of what Sewell referred to as ‘Innovation’ and ‘conformism’, the Black girl’s the case study was built around being ‘Innovators’

Although case studies are not exactly generalisable. These Girls of course were observed to have a tight knit support network to pull each-other up.

Question 33

Counter to the credibility of using Fuller’s study as evidence?

Answer 33

Although case studies are not exactly generalisable. These Girls of course were observed to have a tight knit support network to pull each-other up.

Question 34

Counter to using Strand’s study as evidence for the attrition of institutional racism in education?

Answer 34

In regards to the improvement of Pakistani student’s average achievement, we could speculate that this is because they’re probably the second or third generation people belonging to an immigrant family background and therefore have been socialised more so by their U.K surroundings. Credence to the theory on ethnocentrism.

Question 35

The pass rate of Girls vs Boys at GCSE level is by a difference of…

Answer 35

10%

Question 36

Studies like Berthoid show that there’s a high proportion of Black Caribbean families that are

Answer 36

both single mother and matriarachal.