Studies And Points: Class

Question 1

Bernstein

Answer 1

Speech codes
. Elaborated
. Restricted

Question 2

Pierre Bourdieu

Answer 2

Cultural capital
The 3 types are
. Cultural
. Economic
. Educational

Question 3

Sugarman

Answer 3

The working class subculture
The 4 characteristics that mean they fail are,
. Fatalism
. Collectivism
. Present time orientation
. Immediate gratification

Question 4

Douglas

Answer 4

The education of the parents often is a good predictor of their children’s success in education.
Parents that take an active role and or interest in their child’s education are more likely to instill an educational habitus (eg: Archer) as well as extracurricular support.

Question 5

Archer talked about h_______
What are some examples in the topic of education?

Answer 5

.Education’s habitus, the symbolic violence towards working class students mean they search for other pursuits of status.
This is called symbolic capital and it leads to such phenomena as
. Nike identities
. Hypersexual feminine identities (when applied to gender)

Question 6

Lacey on subculture…

Answer 6

Anti school subculture,
This emerges after differentiation, the difference and negative treatment of a student by a teacher.

This means they usually become polarised, withdrawing into an anti school subculture where they feel accepted.

The inverse is also true with positive differentiation and pro school subculture.

Question 7

The theory of the self fulfilling prophesy is what?
By who?

Answer 7

The idea is that if a student is labelled that they’ll do worse, they’ll internalise that leading to less effort or confidence and it becomes true.

Rosenhall and Jacobson

Question 8

Rosenhall and Jacobson did a study to prove their claim.
What was the claim?
What was the study’s findings?

Answer 8

. The theory of the self fulfilling prophesy

They found that that after conducting a fake IQ test into students and labelling in confidence with the teacher which students were “spurters”, teachers treated those students differently.

They were put in different sets, the interactions were different, and they succeeded.
This demonstrates the damaging or positive effect of differential treatment

Question 9

Becker

Answer 9

Labelling theory.

Question 10

Becker interviewed teachers.
What did Becker infer?

Answer 10

That teachers had a template for an ‘ideal’ pupil, typically following the trend of a white, heterosexual, middle class male with inate gifts.

Question 11

Gilbourn and Youdell came up with a theory of why some students are falling behind.

What was it?

Answer 11

Streaming and ‘educational triage’
The modern practice of league tables sets students up to fail.

.The A-C economy.
This incentivises teachers to only focus on students with the most potential to change and not those who they perceive as destined to succeed/fail.

Question 12

Callander and Jackson

Answer 12

They found that the biggest deterent for working class students going to university was the fees, not wanting to be a burden on the family or future living.

Question 13

Howard

Answer 13

Diet and health were crucial components in success at school.

Too much sugar = hyperactivity
Not enough nutrition = Low energy and inability to concentrate

Question 14

Why might housing also be an external issue?

Answer 14

Crowding means people can’t study, poor living conditions mean that concentrating can be difficult or even getting sleep.

Question 15

To terms polarisation and differentiation mean what?

Answer 15

Differentiation The psychological or physical classification of a student as to what extent they will or won’t succeed. This links to streaming, where students are put in higher or lower bands.

Polarisation: Meaning to go to one of two extremes, to become disenfranchised and rebel, or to internalise the school ethos and attempt to fulfil the potential people see in you.

Question 17

Archer coined what term to describe the psychology and belief system of a school?

Answer 17

Habitus

Question 18

Nicolas Ingram found what out in her study of who?

Answer 18

A study of a 2 groups of working class Catholic boys
- One at a secondary school
- One at a grammar school
(They’d passed the 11+ exam)

The habitus of the grammar school was something the boys felt conflicted with their identity and experiences as working class boys.
They reported beginning made fun of by middle class peers.

The low expectations of the secondary school habitus was also internalised and then status to the boys became about pursuing (In Archer’s terms), Nike Identities.

Question 19

The isolation and ridicule of the working class in middle class habitus spaces is in who’s terms called what?

Answer 19

Archer

‘Symbolic violence’

Question 20

Callander and Jackson’s study, was what, done how?

Answer 20

Study of questionnaires
Given to 200 prospective students.
The questionnaire probed them about their opinions about the student costs.

Question 21

In Callander and Jackson’s study, students from working class backgrounds were in quantitative terms…

What was the reason?

Answer 21

5x less likely to go to university,

The primary reason given was that they were debt adverse.

Question 22

Keddie is a theorist that gives the same commentary on both cultural explanations for why the working class and ethnic groups consistently fall behind.

Answer 22

That cultural explanations are inescapably victim blaming.
They make theorists intellectually incurious and can also disguise policies that lazy, prejudiced, and or ineffective solutions, usually highly politicised.
Political point scoring.
This is called a politicisation

Question 23

Nearly __% of “failing schools” are in deprived areas.

Answer 23

90%

Question 24

Exclusion and truancy are more common where?

Answer 24

In deprived households.

Question 25

Wilkinson 19___, found what?

Answer 25

Amongst 10 year olds from lower social classes, hyperactivity, anxiety, and poor conduct were all more common than in middle class contemporaries.
This was likely a combination of many things,
- diet
- home life
- Frustration with material conditions
- very high/very low expectations

Question 26

What did Becker do in his study?
And what key thing did he find?

Answer 26

. Collected a sample of 60 teachers
Interviewing them to probe out what their ‘ideal pupil’ was.

The key finding is that teachers mentioned mannerisms and attitudes towards learning more often than they mentioned success in the classroom.

Question 27

Remember, it’s not Becker’s study.

What did Rosenhall and Jacobson do in their study?
What theory did they develop from this?

Answer 27

They infiltrated a school under the guise of testing a new IQ test to get a measure of which students would and wouldn’t “spurt”.
* Students were randomly chosen *

They told their teachers which of the randomly chosen student would “spurt”
They then observed the progress of the sample they’d been given, the “spurters” far succeeded the others academically.

This spawned the theory of the self fulfilling prophesy, otherwise known as using the principle of the Pygmalion effect.

Question 28

Gilbourn and Youdell studied teachers views and found…

What theory did this spawn?

Answer 28

That they used what prejudiced/problematic generalised views they had to guide where they placed students in Educational triage.
This included class-ist and racist views.

Those seen as less likely to succeed were put in bands with other students deemed the same, meaning they were neither inventivised to believe they could succeed nor given the environment to.

The theory of the A-C economy, based on the idea of streaming in the educational system.

Question 30

Lacey’s theory of _____________ and ____________

Answer 30

Polarisation and differentiation.

Question 31

Differentiation.
What does it mean.
Bonus point: who coined it?

Answer 31

Differentiation is the process of a teacher differing a student based on their conceptions of who they are and what they can achieve.

• Lacey, Colin Lacey.

Question 32

What is

Answer 32

agreed.

Question 33

Polarisation
What does it mean?

Answer 33

When students become disillusioned with how they’re treated like they can’t succeed or have nothing valuable to offer in the education system and so either isolate themselves from it or act disruptively.

Question 34

What is a cultural theory of class differences that specifically talks about private schools?

Answer 34

The theory of a difference in habitus.

The habitus of private schools sets a very high bar for students to find acclaim and constantly upholds studying as a virtue.

Other schools might be more relaxed, or even apathetic. Some schools might encourage more personal growth instead of a careers mindset, allowing people to choose whatever subjects interest them without the cultural pressure to only select what they’re likely to bolsters the school’s reputation with by succeeding.