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Pharmacology > Student Presentations > Flashcards

Student Presentations Flashcards

1
Q

What is botox a purified from?

A

Botulinum toxin

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2
Q

What is the MOA of botulinum toxin?

A
  • Binds to snare protein complex, and cleaves proteins

- Prevents SNARE protein from binding vesicle to axon terminal, and releasing into the synapse

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3
Q

What can Botox be used to treat?

A
  • Muscle spasticity
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Incontinence
  • Overactive bladder
  • Over secretion of salavia
  • Cosmetic appearance
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4
Q

What are possible side effects of Botox?

A
  • Headaches
  • Malaise
  • Mild Nausea
  • Numbness
  • Spread to surrounding tissues
  • Temporary weakness/ paralysis of muscles
  • Erythema/ edema/ mild pain at the injection site
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5
Q

How are the effects of Botox overcome by the body?

A
  • Sprouting of new axon terminals

- Restoration of SNARE protein

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6
Q

Are amphetamines synthetic or non-synthetic?

A

Synthetic

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7
Q

What are the 2 pharmacological effects of amphetamines?

A
  • CNS stimulant

- Appetite suppressant

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8
Q

What are the 4 formulations of amphetamines? Which takes the longest to have effect? What is the least?

A

Longest: PO (~30mins)
Shortest: Injection

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9
Q

What is the MOA of amphetamines?

A
  • Amphetamines release monoamine and dopamine
  • Increases concentration in synaptic cleft
  • Activate Alpha-1, Alpha-2, and Beta-1
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10
Q

What effect do amphetamines have at high doses?

A

Modify action of dopamine and noradrenaline

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11
Q

What is the half-life of amphetamines?

A

10 hours

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12
Q

How is amphetamine metabolized?

A

By the liver

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13
Q

What is the protein binding of amphetamines?

A

15 - 40 %

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14
Q

How lipid soluble are amphetamines?

A

Highly

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15
Q

Are amphetamines easily or difficultly absorbed?

A

Easily

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16
Q

What are the clinical treatments of amphetamine?

A
  • ADD in children
  • Mental altertness in individuals with narcolepsy
  • Suppress appetite
  • Suppress/ alleviate fatigue
  • Improve mental and physical performance
  • Elevate mood
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17
Q

What schedule drug is prescription amphetamine? What are 3 examples?

A

Schedule II

  • Adderall
  • Ritalin
  • Concerta
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18
Q

What are 3 OTC “look alike” amphetamine drugs?

A
  • Caffeine
  • Ephedrine
  • Pheynlypropanolamine
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19
Q

What is the effect of amphetamines on the PNS?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
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20
Q

What is the effect of amphetamine on the CNS?

A
  • Agitation
  • Insomnia
  • Increased alterness
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21
Q

What are 4 short-term side-effects of amphetamines?

A
  • High body temperature
  • Nausea
  • Headache
  • Dry mouth
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22
Q

What are 4 long-term side-effects of amphetamines?

A
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Ulcers
  • Malnutrition
  • Skin disorders
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23
Q

Can physical dependence of amphetamine develop?

A

No

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24
Q

Can psychic dependence of amphetamine develop?

A

Yes

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25
Q

How fast does tolerance to amphetamines occur?

A

Gradually/ slowly

26
Q

What are signs and symptoms of withdrawal from amphetamines?

A

`- Aggressive and dangerous antisocial behavior

  • Chronic fatigue
  • Physical/ Psychological depression
27
Q

What are 3 commonly abused amphetamines?

A
  • Methanphetamine (Desoxyn)
  • Dextroamphetamine (Adderal)
  • Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
28
Q

What can amphetamine abuse cause?

A
  • Euphoria
  • Unrealistic sense of power
  • Incresaed altertness
  • Increased perceived strength
29
Q

What can long term abuse of amphetamine cause?

A
  • Psychotic behavior
  • Violence/ aggression
  • Seizures
  • Malnutrition
30
Q

What patient population will be relevant to the use of amphetamines and PT?

A
  • Post CVA in subacute period
31
Q

How can amphetamines assist patients post-CVA?

A
  • Attention
  • Concentration
  • Performance of motor memory tasks
32
Q

How should PT be scheduled in relation to amphetamines?

A

Time therapy when the drug is in systemic circulation

33
Q

What is an endogenous glucocorticosteroid? What organ produces it? What is its function?

A

Adrenocorticosteroid produced by adrenal cortex that acts an immune system mediator

34
Q

What are exogenous glucocorticosteroids?

A
  • Drugs
35
Q

In what 4 formulations are exogenous glucocorticosteroids administered?

A
  • Orally
  • Topically
  • Intravenously
  • Intracapsularly
36
Q

What are 3 clinical uses for glucocorticosteroids?

A

Treatment of:

  • Systemic inflammation
  • Localized joint inflammation
  • Autoimmune disorders
37
Q

What specific drug is used for intracapsular, intraarticular, and intramuscular injections? How many injections can be performed per year?

A
  • Dexamethasone

- 4 injections per year

38
Q

What is the MOA of glucocorticosteroids when used to treat inflammation?

A
  • Increase production of anti-inflammatory proteins
  • Inhibit production of pro-inflammatory substances
  • Reduces pain
39
Q

What are 2 side-effects of injections of glucocorticosteroids?

A
  • Decreased sythesis of proteoglycans (which heal and contribute to viscoelastic properties of tendon)
  • Human tendon stem cell tendon degradation, which is infiltrated from adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes
40
Q

What are 3 systemic side effects of glucocorticosteroids?

A
  • Increased systolic BP for (1-7 days)
  • Increased blood glucose levels (1 - 21 days)
  • Decreaed adrenocorticotropic hormone
41
Q

What conditions are treated with glucocorticosteroids?

A
  • DeQuervain’s
  • Trigger finger
  • OA/ RA
  • Bursitis
  • Tendonitis
  • Synovitis
  • Fasciitis
  • Carpal tunnel
  • Epicondylagia
  • Adhesive Capsulitis
  • Facet syndrome
42
Q

What conditions are glucocorticosteroids APPROPRIATE for?

A
  • Bursitis
  • Adhesive capsulitis
  • Trigger finger
  • DeQuervain’s contracture
  • RA
43
Q

What are the implications for PT in relation to glucocorticosteroids?

A
  • Determine if the condition should be treated form a biomechanical perspective (to get to “root” of problem)
  • Know glucocorticosteroids have a last effect (joint mobs/ range of motion)
44
Q

What structures are targeted by the autoimmune process of multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Myelin and axons of CNS
45
Q

What results from the damage to myelin and axons in the CS by multiple sclerosis?

A

Plaques throughout SC and brain

46
Q

What are the 4 types of MS?

A
  • Relapse remitting
  • Primary-progressive
  • Secondary-progressive
  • Progressive-Relasping
47
Q

What are the 2 etiological/ risk factors for multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Genetics

- Viral infection

48
Q

What is the 3 step pathogenesis?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Demyelination
  • Axon loss
49
Q

What are 3 clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Sensory changes
  • Optic neuritis
  • SC lesions
50
Q

What is the old drug used to treat MS?

A

Baclofen

51
Q

How is baclofen administered?

A
  • Orally

- Intrathecally

52
Q

What does baclofen treat?

A
  • Muscle spasticity (the symptoms of MS)
53
Q

What 3 new drugs are used to treat MS?

A
  • Aubagio (Teriflunomide)
  • Tysarbri (Natilizumab)
  • Lemtrada (Alemtuzumab)
54
Q

What is the purpose of the new set of drugs used to treat MS?

A
  • Slows the progression
55
Q

Which new MS drug is not FDA approved?

A

Lemtrada (alemtuzumab)

56
Q

What 2 new drugs are prescribed for relapsing MS?

A
  • Aubagio (Teriflunomide)

- Tysarbri (Natilizumab)

57
Q

What MS drug is an integrin-receptor antagonist?

A
  • Tysarbi (Natilizumab)
58
Q

What MS drug is an immunomodulatory drug with anti-inflammatory properties?

A

Aubagio (Teriflunomide

59
Q

What MS drug is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody?

A
  • Lemtrada
60
Q

What are the 5 implications for PTs treating patients taking MS drugs?

A
  • Side-effects
  • Scheduling
  • Psychosocial considerations
  • Patient educaiton
  • Complementary and Alternative MEdicine (CAM)

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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