STS (M1) Flashcards
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a state where people experience positive emotions, positive psychological functioning and positive social functioning and most of the time ‘living’ within an optimal range of human functioning
Flourishing
An effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger community of individuals, each with the right to pursue his or her own efforts
Human flourishing
involves the rational use of ones individual human potentialities, including talents, abilities, and virtues in the pursuit of his freely and rationally chosen values and goals.
Human flourishing
a term that combines the Greek words for “good” and “spirit” to describe the ideology.
Eudaimonia
To describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans (human flourishing)
Eudaimonia
do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by engaging in activities that make them spiritually richer people.
Eudaemonists’
defines happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person.
Eudaimonia
In _______, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.
psychology
To _________, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we do something good or positive.
behaviorists
To _______, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones released in the brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival.
neurologists
The _ view of well-being is that happiness is the polar opposite of suffering, the presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain. Because of this, ________ believe that the purpose of life is to maximize happiness, which minimizes misery
hedonistic, hedonists
believed that human flourishing requires a life with other people.
Aristotle
taught that people acquire virtues through practice and that a set of concrete virtues could lead a person toward his natural excellence and happiness.
Aristotle
According to _______ there is an end of all of the actions that we perform which we desire for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is desired for its own sake with all other things being desired on its account.
Aristotle
is a property of one’s life when considered as a whole.
Eudaimonia
is the highest good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human
Flourishing
Every discovery, innovation, and success contribute to our pool of ________
human knowledge
is deeply intertwined with goal setting relevant to science and technology
Human flourishing
is a human activity that we excel in as a result of achieving science
Technology
The end goals of both science and technology and human flourishing are related, in that the _________________
good is inherently related to the truth
Two concepts about science which ventures its claim on truth:
Verification theory
Falsification theory
General idea of how to do science:
- OBSERVE and determine if there are unexpected occurrences unfolding
- DETERMINE THE PROBLEM and identify factors involved
- FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS that could explain the said phenomenon
- CONDUCT EXPERIMENT by setting up dependent and independent variables, and trying to see how dependent ones affect dependent ones
- GATHER AND ANALYZE results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment; examine if the data gathered are significant enough to conclude results
- FORMULATE CONCLUSION AND PROVIDE RECOMMENDATION in case other would want to broaden the study
The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science
VERIFICATION THEORY
The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can
be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted
VERIFICATION THEORY
Take a sentence like “This apple is red.”
claims that it is
meaningful if and only if we can describe which state of
affairs has to be observable so that the sentence can be
said to be true
Theverification theoryofmeaning
Asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a
phenomenon over alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology
Example: all swans are white, can be falsified by observing a black swan
FALSIFICATION THEORY
It suggests that for atheory to be considered scientific it must be able to be tested and proven false.
Falsification Principle
TheFalsification Principle, proposed by ______, is a way of demarcating science
from non-science.
Karl Popper
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering Mathematics) – offering schools accommodating Grades 11 and 12. Among all the clusters being offered, STEM trumps the remaining clusters in term of popularity and distribution, with Accounting and Business coming in as a close second.
One might infer that there is more demand in this field as students are preconditioned that the field would latter land them high-paying jobs and a lucrative career after graduation.
STEM
Comparing the lives of the people before and now will make anyone realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms of culture, language, or rights but more importantly, changes in people’s way of life due to the existence of science and technology.
TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
The term______ is attributed mainly to the changes brought about technology. Although the original idea is for technology to help everyone, it cannot be denied that until now today, not everyone is comfortable in using the different kinds of technologies.
generation gap
Mostly those who belong to the ______ think that these technologies are too complicated to operate.
older generation
TRUE/FALSE
Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive paved way for the invention of
several developments
Gifted with brains more advances than other creatures, ________ are able to
utilize abundant materials for their own ease and comfort.
humans
have been using fire to cook, through chipping one flint over the other to produce a spark, all the while without realizing the laws of friction and heat
Homo erectus
Tools from stone and flints marked the era of the ____, during the advent of our very own ____ , and human began to sharpen stones as one would a knife; an example of this is the simple machine called wedge
STONE AGE
Homo sapiens
used stone tools such as hand
axe.
Homo Erectus
They had long and lowcranium.
Homo Erectus
also had a short and wide face with
projected nasal aperture forward.
Homo-erectus
The pronounced brow ridges were also prominent
in this group.
Homo-erectus
The most striking behavioral feature of this group
is the reduction of body size dimorphism (traits) between
sexes.
Homo-erectus
are the first to depict the modern speech.
Homo sapiens
A thin walled high vaulted skull with a flat and near vertical forehead is a striking feature of the modern man.
Homo sapiens
And the modern human faces also show less heavy brow ridges and prognathism (protusion of mandible)
their jaws are less heavily developed with smaller teeth.
Homo sapiens
What are the Similarities Between Homo-erectus and Homosapien?
Both have the ancestral relationship.
Both have originated from the African continent.
Both have used to the complex lifestyle.
Both have had an extended childhood and both have hunted.
Both have had the capability of making tools and using fire.
is an extinct species of the human lineage, having upright stature and a well-evolved postcranial skeleton, but with a smaller brain, low forehead and protruding face.
Homo-erectus
is the species to which all modern human beings belong
Homo Sapien
had a smaller brain and was less intelligent.
Homo-erectus
had a larger brain and was more intelligent.
Homo sapien
had 850cc to 1100cc brain.
Homo-erectus
had 1300cc brain.
Homosapien
did not show modern speech.
Homo-erectus
had modern speech.
Homosapiens
People discovered ______and began forging metalwork
They realized that these substances are more durable, malleable, and have more luster than the previous material
The people of yesterday appeared to have acknowledged early on that they could only do and understand as much, that perhaps other powers at play also existed alongside them.
minerals
are primarily used for comfort against harsh winds – our ancestors are able to draw the connection between their being naked and vulnerable due to some lack of fur or protective covering
Fur clothing and animal skin
Using _______, or perfectly _______, and wanted to wear it as a trophy; they are proud to show off their hunt and how good of a hunter they were
_______ mammoths for their woolly coat and meat, taking down the animal for the entire community to eat
shiny stone
shaped bone
Hunting
TRUE/FALSE
The people of yesterday appeared to have acknowledged early on that they could only do and understand as much, that perhaps other powers at play also existed alongside them.
TRUE
______had larger teeth.
______had smaller teeth.
Homo-erectus
Homo sapiens
___ had heavily build jaws.
____ had less heavily build jaws.
Homo-erectus
Homo sapiens
_____ had heavy brow bridges and more prognathism.
_____ had fewer brow bridges and less prognathism.
Homo-erectus
Homo sapiens
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
TRUE/FALSE
For a long time, humans were content with their relationship with nature (hunting)
TRUE
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
________ caused human to expand more territory and more people to feed: large, separate communities hailing from the same ancestors and residing in the same large community paved way for civilizations
Live comfortably and thus are generally happier than those who do have sufficient wealth
Formation of communities
TRUE/FALSE
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
They began to hunt, farm, and produce things with prospect of profit
Products of every kind were exchanged, ranging from necessary ones such as crops, cattle, poultry, other kind, and clothing materials, up to metals, accessories, weapons, spices, literature, and entertainment
TRUE
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
When they could not sell the products, they used their skills and got compensated for it
TRUE/FALSE
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
Humanity became more complex; the primary goal was not merely to survive, but to live the good life
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
Technology has been instrumental in all of these because in searching for the good life, people were able to come up with creations that would make life easier, more comfortable, and more enriching.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA
The humans of today are much better off compared to humans several centuries ago.
Advancement in medicine, technology, health, and education ushered in humanity’s best yet, and show up no sign of stopping.
TRUE
some of the notable comparisons then and now:
Mortality rate
Average lifespan
Literacy rate
Gross domestic product (GDP)
due to technology, lesser women and children die during birth; medical care for premature infants allows them to survive and develop normally, while proper maternal care ensures mothers can fully recover and remain empowered
Mortality rate
less likely to die in treatable diseases as opposed to then, science is able to prolong lives enhancing living status and discovering different remedies to most diseases; distribution of medicines is also made easier and faster
Average lifespan
access to education provided to more individuals generally creates a more informed public that could determine a more just society
Literacy rate
used to determine the value of the country’s goods and services produced within the territory given a certain time period; higher country income is brought upon by high productivity, often and indicator of presence of technology
Gross domestic product (GDP)
THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
Humanity has indeed come a long way from our primitive ways, and as a general rule, it is said that we are more “______” than we were before
developed
THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
_____ are reliant on technology in their search for the good life
Modern humans
– assisting those with disabilities, efficiency in industrial workplaces and even exploring the universe
Machineries in prolonging lives
TRUE/FALSE
BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN CONDITION
Improving the level of comfort, breakthroughs, improved lifestyles for those who can afford the luxury
TRUE
THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
We see ways and means from ____ to utilize and achieve growth – a goal that we believe would bring forth betterment
nature
TRUE/FALSE
BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN CONDITION
Technology’s initial promises proved to be true, regardless of its ramifications (consequences; complications; difficulties)
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN CONDITION
As to the initial aims, it appears that things really did not much differ; still some places in the world are still battling for their daily survival, diseases, tribe wars, lack of habitable territories, and competitions on resources are several factors
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN CONDITION
People are still trying to discover and rediscover things that would give meaning to their lives – whether it be honor, strength, or merit.
TRUE
BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN CONDITION
People are still trying to make sense of their existence in the world, and ____ does little to aid them in their pursuit of life’s meaning
________ are seemingly occurring in a rapid pace, no such consideration was given in this approach in achieving the good life
technology,
Technological advancements
In ______, long before the word “science”, the need to understand the world and reality was bound to understand self and the good life
Ancient Greece
For ______ an attempt to understand reality and external world, man must seek to understand himself
Plato
For ______ counted ethics and politics; whereas “truth” is the aim of theoretical sciences, the “good” is the end goal of practical ones
Aristotle
End goal of life: _____
Aristotle actually means is human flourishing, a kind of contentment in knowing that one is getting the best out of life
Happiness
TRUE/FALSE
Every human being moves according to some end
TRUE
Every human person, aspires for an end; this end is ________
happiness or human flourishing
According to _____, happiness consists in achieving, through the course of a whole lifetime, all the goods — health, wealth, knowledge, friends, etc. — that lead to the perfection of human nature and to the enrichment of human life.
Aristotle
For ______, counted ethics and politics; whereas “truth” is the aim of theoretical sciences, the “good” is the end goal of practical ones
Aristotle
declared the** Greatest Happiness Principles **by saying that an action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people
John Stuart Mill
TRUE/FALSE
HAPPINESS AS THE GOAL OF A GOOD LIFE
In ethics, meant to lead us to the good and happy life
TRUE
HAPPINESS AS THE GOAL OF A GOOD LIFE
Man has constantly struggled with the external world in order to reach _____
human flourishing
TRUE/FALSE
HAPPINESS AS THE GOAL OF A GOOD LIFE
History has given birth to different schools of thought, all of which aim for the good and happy life
TRUE
MATERIALISM
First materialists were the atomists in ________
Ancient Greece
led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds
Democritus and Leucippus
First materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece
Democritus and Leucippus led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds
In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain happiness; we see this at work with most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of the meaning of their existence
MATERIALISM
See the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure
HEDONISM
Pleasure has always been the priority of ______
Hedonists
Hedonists
Led by _____ , this school also does not buy any notion of afterlife just like the materialists
Epicurus
For them, life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited
The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die”
Hedonists
Another school led by Epicurus, the ______ espoused the idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic (original term apatheia - indifferent; uninterested)
STOICISM, stoics
We should, in this worldview, adopt the fact that some things are not within our control; the sooner we realize this, the happier we can become
STOICISM
Most people find the meaning of their lives using GOD as a fulcrum of their existence
THEISM
The Philippines, as a predominantly Catholic base country, is witness to how people base their life goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality called heaven
THEISM
The ultimate basis of happiness for _____ is the communion with GOD
THEISM,theists
as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a GOD that monitors and controls
HUMANISM
The world where we are in is only just a temporary reality where we have to maneuver around while waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of GOD
THEISM
For _____, man is literally the captain of his own ship
HUMANISM, humanists
Thought that the world is a place and space for freely unearthing the world in seeking for ways on how to improve the lives of its inhabitants
HUMANISM
As a result of the motivation of the _____, current scientists eventually turned to technology in order to ease the difficulty of life.
humanist
_____ of today meanwhile are ready to confront more sophisticated attempts at altering the world for the benefit of humanity.
Scientists
TRUE/FALSE
Social media, as an example has been so far a very effective way of employing technology in purging time and space.
Now, communication between two people wherever they are, is not just possible but easy.
TRUE
Some people now are willing to tamper with time and space in the name of _____
technology
made real time communication possible not just two people, but even with multiple people simultaneously.
The internet and smart phones
allowed us to tinker (tamper) with our sexuality; biologically male individuals can now undergo medical operation if they wish sexual reassignment; breast implants are now available; hormones may also be injected in order to alter the sexual chemical in the body
Technology
