STS FINALS REVIEWER Flashcards
- a philosophical perspective that emphasizes inner peace, resilience and virtue as the keys to leading a fulfilling life, regardless of external circumstances
- focuses on controllable things; if its beyond your control, let it happen
- for the stoics, happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy
Stoicism
- a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the primary goals of life.
- “eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die”
Hedonism
➢ Greek word technē (art) and logos (word)
➢ Discourse on arts
➢ 1st appeared in 17th century - applied arts
Technology
It is the term used for an organism created through genetic engineering.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
technē which means ____ and logos _____
art and word
➢ German student
➢ Successful in his attempt to send images through wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk (1800s)
➢ Electric Telescope – invention that had 18 lines of resolution
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
This term is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
invention that had 18 lines of resolution
Electric Telescope
A genetically modified plants to resist certain pests.
Example: Bt Corn. The DNA (genome) of the Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces proteins which are toxic to corn borers (worms).
Pest Resistance
- an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs on a program that contains the exact, step-by-step directions to solve a problem
- among the most important contributions of advances in the Information Age to society.
Computer
A genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
Example: Roundup Ready Soybean. Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers then can spray the herbicide killing the weeds but not the soybeans.
Herbicide Tolerance
It is a potential method to either treat or cure genetic-related human illnesses.
Gene Therapy
It is a single-user instrument. The first known as microcomputers since they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the enormous systems operated by most businesses.
Personal Computer
He formulated law that defines what a good robot is (1940s)
Isaac Asimov
an American Mathematician who was considered as the “Father of Information Theory.”
Claude E. Shanon
is the application of information technology to store, organize, and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the form of sequences and structures of proteins-the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids–the information carrier
Bioinformatics
A type of gene therapy which involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the origin cells that will pass the change on to the next generation (Your Genome, 2017).
Germ-line Gene Therapy
- He concepts the nanotechnology and nanoscience which started in December 29,1959
- He discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control individual atoms and molecules in his talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” during the American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology.
Richard Feynman
described as the disappearance of species at a rate of 1,000 faster than usual.
Sixth Mass extinction
the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;
Biodiversity
is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire Earth.
Biodiversity
A type of gene therapy that involves the manipulation of genes in cells that will be helpful to the patient but not inherited to the next generation (Nimsergern, 1988).
Somatic Gene Therapy
He coined the term the term genetic engineering and the author of the science fiction novel
Jack Wiliamson
It means life
Bio
It means life
Bio
It means variability
Diversity
According to Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, information is “knowledge communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or circumstance.”
INFORMATION
➢ Statistically significant changes in climate for continuous period of time.
➢ Factors that contribute to climate change can be natural internal process,external process, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of atmosphere or in land use.
Climate Change
➢ Indonesia, 1816
➢ Largest known eruption in human history
➢ Eruption caused snowfall in the northeastern United States and Canada
Mount Tambora
What happened during 3000 bc
Sumerian writing system used pictographs to represent
➢ Emits different natural aerosols like carbon dioxide..
➢ Can cause lithosphere
Volcanic Eruption
During the 1980s, real angst set in. He called it “Information Anxiety.”
Richard Wurman
One of the 3 Elements that have cyclic variations:
- describe the shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun.
- Time frame for the cycle is approx. 98,000 years
Eccentricity
One of the 3 Elements that have cyclic variations:
– variations of the tilt of Earth’s axis away from the orbital planet.
➢ The more tilt, the more severe
➢ Takes 40,000 years
Obliquity
One of the 3 Elements that have cyclic variations:
- change in orientation of Earth’s rotational axis.
- 19,000 to 23,000 years
- cause by 2 factors
- Earth is closest to the Sun in the Northern Hemisphere
- 5,000 years ago, North star was Thuban in the constellation Draco. Currently, the North Polaris in that constellation Ursa Minor.
Precession
a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation application. Note: A robot may be classified according to its intended application as an industrial robot or a service robot.
Service robot
➢ Overall effect of human activities on climate
➢ Result in emissions of four principal greenhouse gasses:
● Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
● Methane (CH4)
● Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
● Halocarbons ( gases containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine)
Human Activities
the proponent of Greatest Happiness Principle
John Stuart Miill
service robot used for a commercial task, usually operated by a properly trained operator. Examples are cleaning robot for public places, delivery robot in offices or hospitals, fire-fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals. In this context, an operator is a person designated to start, monitor, and stop the intended operation of a robot or a robot system.
A professional service robot
The first true portable computer was released in April 1981. From that moment on, the evolution of laptops continued until the present time where various designs and models are already available.
It was called the Osborne 1 (Orfano, 2011)
action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment or happiness for the greatest number of people.
Eg. Mining
Greatest Happiness Principle
the ability to perform intended tasks based on the current state and sensing without human intervention.
➢ Autonomy
The term “nanotechnology” was coined by him
Prof. Norio Taniguchi
➢ refers to the science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
Nanotechnology
excludes active human-robot interaction
➢ Full autonomy
how small is a nanoscale?
➢ A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10^-9 of a meter.
means super small
Nano
means dwarf
Nanos
also known as dwarf tech
Nanotech
➢ utilizes a particular beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well magnified image.
➢ can magnify objects up to a million times while conventional light microscopes can magnify objects up to 1,500 times only.
Electron Microscope
It serves as the genetic material of the cell and is only about 2 nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, the hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues throughout the body is 5.5 nanometers in diameter.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
built the first electron microscope during the 1930s.
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll (German Engineers)
-use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material
-It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986.
Atomic Force Microscope
- It enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscales particles, atoms and small molecules.
- Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics because of this inventions. (1986)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
– ethical dilemma faced by robots
➢ emotional component
➢ refers to scaled-up, reliable and cost effective manufacturing or nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems.
➢ It also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction or materials.
NANOMANUFACTURING
One of the 2 Fundamental approaches of nanomanufacturing:
-It manufactures products by building them up from atomic and molecular-scale components. However, this method can be time-consuming.
Bottom-up fabrication
One of the 2 Fundamental approaches of nanomanufacturing:
- It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials.
Top-Down Fabrication
A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Law One
The first true portable computer was released in April 1981. From that moment on, the evolution of laptops continued until the present time where various designs and models are already available.
Osborne 1
