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Biological Sciences 107 > Structures of Various Systems > Flashcards

Structures of Various Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Upper epidermis

A

Protects the deeper layers of skin.

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2
Q

Lower epidermis (Strata Spinosum and Basale)

A

Vitamin D Synthesis.

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3
Q

Dermis

A

Protection against mechanical shock.

Provides physical strength.

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4
Q

Hypodermis

A

Stores lipids. Provides insulation and protection against mechanical shock.
Attaches skin to deeper layers.

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5
Q

Hair

A

Traps air to provide insulation.

Provides sensory information as each follicle is attached to a sensory neuron.

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6
Q

Sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation. Means of excretion.

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7
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secretes waste. Lubricates hair shafts.

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8
Q

Nails

A

Protects digits

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9
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Detect external stimuli such as temperature, pressure etc.

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10
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Enable skeleton movement. Maintains figure.
Controls sphincters and diaphragm.
Protects softer tissue.
Produces heat by shivering

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11
Q

Axial muscles

A

Provides support for the axial skeleton.

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12
Q

Appendicular muscles

A

Movement of limbs and appendages.

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13
Q

Tendons/Aponeuroses

A

Connects muscle to bone/other muscle. Contracts to move muscle tissue.

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14
Q

Bone

A

Source of calcium and phosphorous.

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15
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Protects brain, spinal cord and soft tissue of thorax (chest).

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16
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Provide structure for limbs. Muscles attached to the appendicular skeleton allows movement of axial skeleton. `

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17
Q

Red Marrow

A

Found in flatter bones (sternum, skull, pelvis, ribs) and produces red blood cells. Lost with age.

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18
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Found in longer bones (femur etc). Stores lipids. Can be converted to red bone marrow if bone breaks or if there’s excess blood loss. Gained with age.

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19
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Control centre of the body. Can exert short term control over other systems.
Brain, spinal cord, optic nerve and retina

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20
Q

Brain

A

Complex integrative activities.

Voluntary and involuntary activities.

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21
Q

Spinal cord

A

Relays information to brain. Controls less complex integrative actions, such as reflex arcs.

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22
Q

Sensory organs

A

Provide sensory input to the brain.

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23
Q

Pineal gland

A

Controls circadian rhythm.

24
Q

Hypothalamus/pituitary

A

Controls activity of other glands.
Regulates growth and homeostasis.
Anterior pituitary can release GH which leads to secretion of IGF.

25
Q

Thymus

A

Maturation of T-lymphocytes. Also part of lymphatic system.

26
Q

Thyroid/Parathyroid

A

Controls metabolism/Ca concentration. Stores precursor to thyroxine in follicles.

27
Q

Adrenal

A

Controls water potential (aldosterone). Releases cortisol when stressed to stimulate metabolism of glucose and lipids. Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Temporary control over cardiovascular and respiratory systems (adrenaline).

28
Q

Kidney

A

NOT A GLAND

Secretes hormones. Releases erythropoietin when blood oxygen is low. Maintains Ca concentration and blood pressure.

29
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls glucose concentration by releasing insulin and glucagon. Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers.

30
Q

Gonads

A

Releases sex hormones which stimulate development of reproductive features.

31
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Collection of excess interstitial fluid in capillary beds and returns it to the bloodstream.
Contains lymph, which is high in lipid.

32
Q

Lymph Nodes/Tonsils

A

Stores lymphocytes and monitors composition of lymph.

33
Q

Spleen

A

Lymphatic node that can stimulate an immune response.
Monitors RBCs and recycles damaged ones into bilirubin.
Synthesises antibodies. Removes antibody bound pathogens

34
Q

Heart

A

Propels blood around body at high, maintained pressure.

35
Q

Vessels

A

Arteries: Heart–> Body
Veins: Body–>Heart
Capillaries allow the diffusion of tissue fluid.

36
Q

Blood

A

Transports oxygen and CO2 using haemoglobin. Transports dissolved nutrients and waste to and from tissues.
Carbonate ions act as buffer.
Temperature regulation
WBC partake in immune response.

37
Q

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

A

Humidifies and moistens air. Detects olfactory stimuli

38
Q

Larynx

A

Opening to trachea. Vocal cords for vocalisation

39
Q

Pharynx, trachea, bronchi

A

Conducts air to lungs. Trachea has rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse.

40
Q

Lungs

A

Site of gas exchange. pH control-excess CO2 causes acidity.

41
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secretes saliva and enzymes.

Begins starch digestion and the lubrication of food.

42
Q

Pharynx

A

Directs food into oesophagus.

43
Q

Stomach

A

Secretes acid to hydrolyse polypeptides. Secreted enzymes aid in digestion. Hormones also secreted

44
Q

Small intestine

A

Secretes hormones, enzymes and buffers. Most of nutrients absorbed here.

45
Q

Liver

A

Secretes bile to emulsify fat. Monitors nutrient concentration.

46
Q

Gallbladder

A

Contains and releases bile.

47
Q

Large intestine/anus

A

Water absorption and waste excretion.

48
Q

Kidney (as an urinary system organ)

A

Produces and concentrates urine by filtration.

Controls blood volume and pressure.

49
Q

Bladder

A

Contains urine

50
Q

Ureter/urethra

A

Ureter: Kidney to bladder
Urethra: Bladder to exterior

51
Q

Testes

A

Produces sperm, endocrine function

52
Q

Accessory organs

A

Seminal/prostate glands: Seminal fluid production.
Epididymis: Maturation of sperm
Ductus deferens: Conducts sperm

53
Q

External genitalia (M)

A

Penis and scrotum. Delivers sperm and thermal control.

54
Q

Ovaries

A

Stores and matures oocytes. Endocrine function.

55
Q

Oviduct

A

Delivers oocyte to uterus. Location of fertilisation.

56
Q

External genitalia (F)

A

Vagina/cervix Birth canal, sperm reception, lubrication

57
Q

Uterus

A

Embryo development

Biological Sciences 107 (12 decks)

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