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Ch 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease > Structures of the Body > Flashcards

Structures of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic structural and functional units of the body

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2
Q

What are tissues and organs made up of?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What is cytology?

A

study of the anatomy, physiology, and chemistry of the cell

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

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5
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

material within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus

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6
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

a structure within the cell, surrounded by the nuclear membrane, that controls cell activity and helps cells divide

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7
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for a long period of time by dividing

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8
Q

How are stem cells different from other cells?

A

they do not have a set lifespan and under certain conditions they can be transformed into specialized cells

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9
Q

What are somatic stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or an organ

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10
Q

What is the goal of somatic stem cells?

A

to maintain and repair the tissue or organ that they are in

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11
Q

What type of cell can be transferred from one individual to another?

A

Somatic stem cells

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12
Q

What is it called when the body rejects a stem cell transfer?

A

graft-versus-host disease

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13
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that can form any adult cell

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14
Q

Where do embryonic stem cells come from?

A

blood from the umbillical cord or placenta of a newborn

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15
Q

What is a gene and what do they do?

A

a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, they control hereditary disorders and all physical traits

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16
Q

What is a genome?

A

the complete set of genetic information of an organism

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17
Q

What is a chromosome and what does it do?

A

it’s a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell, they are made up of DNA molecules and contain the body’s genes

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18
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

any cell in the body except the gametes

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19
Q

How many chromosomes are in each somatic cell?

A

46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs

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20
Q

What is a gamete?

A

the sex cells, have 23 single chromosomes

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21
Q

What is the spiraling strand shape of DNA called?

A

a double helix

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22
Q

What is DNA?

A

short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique

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23
Q

What is a genetic mutation?

A

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

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24
Q

What is somatic cell mutation?

A

a change within the cells of the body, they affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation

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25
Q

What is a gametic cell mutation?

A

a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to their kids

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26
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

the manipulation or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purpose

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27
Q

What are genetic disorders?

A

pathological conditions caused by an absent or defective gene

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28
Q

What is tissue?

A

a group of similarly specialized cells that join together to preform certain specific functions

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29
Q

What is the study of tissue called?

A

Histology

30
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve

31
Q

Which tissue forms a protective covering over all of the internal and external surfaces of the body?

A

Epithelial

32
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

33
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs?

A

Endothelium

34
Q

What tissue supports and connects organs and other body tissues?

A

Connective

35
Q

What does dense connective tissue do?

A

form the joints and framework of the body

36
Q

What does adipose tissue do?

A

provides protection, insulation, and support

37
Q

What tissue is also referred to as “fat”?

A

Adipose tissue

38
Q

What is the purpose of loose connective tissue?

A

it surrounds various organs, supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

39
Q

What does liquid connective tissue do?

A

helps transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

40
Q

Which tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax?

A

Muscle tissue

41
Q

Which tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses?

A

Nerve tissue

42
Q

What is aplasia?

A

the defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

43
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

44
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

45
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, and organs

46
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

47
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not number, of cells

48
Q

What is a gland?

A

a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

49
Q

What is a secretion?

A

a substance produced by a gland

50
Q

What kind of gland secretes chemical substances?

A

an exocrine gland

51
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a disease producing microorganism such as a virus

52
Q

What does it mean when something is contaminated?

A

there is possibly a pathogen present

53
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact

54
Q

What kind of disease is the common cold?

A

a communicable disease

55
Q

What are the six types of disease transmission?

A

indirect contact, blood-borne, droplet, airborne, food-borne and waterborne, and vector-borne

56
Q

What type of transmission can occur when you touch a doorknob after someone who has had the flu?

A

indirect contact

57
Q

What type of transmission can occur when another person’s blood touches you?

A

blood-borne

58
Q

What type of transmission can occur when someone sneezes or coughs in your direction without covering their face?

A

airborne

59
Q

What type of transmission can occur when you drink out of another person’s water bottle?

A

food-borne and water-borne

60
Q

West Nile Virus was commonly spread through mosquitos with this type of transmission

A

vector-borne

61
Q

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

A

a pandemic is over a large geographic area or worldwide while an epidemic is over a specific population or area

62
Q

What is a functional disorder?

A

a disease that produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

63
Q

What is it called when you have an adverse reaction to prescribed medication?

A

iatrogenic illness

64
Q

What is an idiopathic disorder?

A

an illness without known cause

65
Q

What is a disease caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses called?

A

infectious disease

66
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

67
Q

What disorder produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body?

A

an organic disorder

68
Q

When do congenital disorders occur?

A

while a baby is forming or during the birthing process

69
Q

What are developmental disorders?

A

a group of conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas

70
Q

What is the absence of a normal body opening called?

A

atresia

71
Q

At what time is a birth considered premature?

A

if it occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development

Ch 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease (2 decks)

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