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Structures & Function of Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis (HPA)

A

critical signaling pathway for the endocrone system

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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2
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

releases pituitary releasing hormones, that descend through hypophyseal portal system

most hormones of hypothalamus communicate w/pituitary, some hormones of hypothalamus release inhibit release of pituitary hormones

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3
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

capillaries in hypothalamus communicate with pituitary capillaries before entering venous system

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4
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

hypothalmic nuclei synthesize pituitary hromones

hormones: ADH and oxytocin

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

links CNS to endocrine
located in diencephalon
nuclei in control release hormones from pituitary gland

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6
Q

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

A

stimulates release from TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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7
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

A

Stimulates release of:
LH (luteinizing hormone) from anterior pituitary
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary

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8
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF somatotropin release inhibiting factor)

A

GH (somatotropin) from anterior pituitary

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary

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9
Q

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

A

stimulates release of GH from anterior pituitary

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10
Q

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

A

Stimulates release of
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from anterior pituitary

B-endorphin from anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Substance P

A

INHIBITS synth of: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from anterior pituitary

STIMULATES release of: GH, FSH, LH and prolactin

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12
Q

Dopamine (PIF- prolactin inhibiting factor)

A

inhibits synthesis release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

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13
Q

PRF (prolactin releasing factor)

A

stimulates release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Hormones released from hypothalamus that control anterior pituitary

A

TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, GHRH, CRH, Substance-P, Dopamine, PRF

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15
Q

Hormones synthesized in nuclei of hypothalamus and descend to posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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16
Q

Pituitary (anterior/posterion) function

A

regulates the activity of most endocrine glands in the body

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17
Q

Function of Oxytocin

A

females-milk ejection, uterine contraction

Males–sperm motility

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18
Q

Target Tissue of Oxytocin

A

mammary glands (lactating), uturus during pregnancy

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19
Q

Stimulus for Oxytocin Release

A

distention of cervix at end of pregnancy, breast stimulation, positive emotional responses, positive feedback cycle of oxytocin (releases more release)

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20
Q

Inhibition of Oxytocin Release

A

external stimulus stops, “negative” emotional factors (stress, fear, noise, pain)

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21
Q

Function of ADH

A

control osmolality/osmolarity of plasma which influences blood volume.
ADH will increase blood volume (decreasing osmolarity, increasing blood pressure)

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22
Q

Target Tissue of ADH

A

collecting ducts in kidneys (increases water re absorption by increasing permeability of collecting ducts)
has an affect on vascular smooth muscle (blood vessel contraction to assist in elevating BP)

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23
Q

Stimulus of Release of ADH

A

increased plasma osmolarity stimulate ADH release (osmoreceptors in hypothalmamus detect increases of plasma osmolarity)

Decreased blood volume stimulate ADH release

Angiotension II indirectly promote ADH release

Additional Stimuli for ADH release(stress, truama, exercise)

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24
Q

Inhibition of ADH Release

A

decreased plasma osmolarity (detected by osmoreceptors)
increased blood volume/pressure (detected by mechanoreceptors in atria, aortic arch and carotid sinus)
Alcohol and caffeine

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25
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
elevated ADH secretions results in excessive water re absorption in kidney
26
Hypervolemia
excessive ADh release causes water re absorption in DCT/collecting duct. Hypervolemia facilitates hyponatremia and natriuresis
27
Hyponatremia
decreased sodium values in blood stream\increased EFC inhibits RAAS (renin/angio/aldosterone)
28
Natriuresis
Excessive sodium excretion expansion of EFC reduces sodium resorption on kidney baro receptors reduce sodium resorption decreased aldosterone releases which reduces sodium resorption in kidney
29
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
hormone release is regulated by hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system Releases 6 hormones prolactin, GH, TSH, GnRH (LH, FSH), ACTH, MSH
30
Prolactin Function
breast development, stimulates milk production, inhibitions ovulation
31
Target Tissues of Prolactin
mammary glands
32
Stimulus of prolactin release in puberty
presence of elevated growth hormone, estrogen, progesterone, thyroid releasing hormone
33
Stimulus of Prolactin release in Pregnancy
combined presence of elevated estrogen and progesterone stimulate release of prolactin (duct development)
34
Stimulus of Prolactin release in Lactation
physcial action of breast feeding stimulates release of prolactin
35
Inhibition of prolactin release
constant tonic release of dopamine elevated levels of prolactin will stimulate the hypothalamus to increase tonic release dopamine dopamine agonists
36
GH-Growth hormone
released in pulsing/cyclic pattern
37
Functions of GH (and IGF-1)
stimulates tissue growth and mturation Gh works with IGF-1, promotes growth of tissue and regulates metabolism to facilitate growthalso has role in aging, sleep, reproductive hormone function
38
Target Tissue of GH
Direct effect on tissues via GH reveptors: liver, muscle adipose Indirect via IGF-1 GH stimulates liver which produces IGF-1
39
Target Tissue of IGF-1
bone, cartilage, visceral organs
40
Actions of GH on liver
anabolic action | IGF synthesis, protein synthesis
41
Actions of GH on Adipose tissue
increased lypolysis, decrease glucose uptake
42
Actions of GH on Muscle
increase amino acid uptake/protein synthesis, decrease glucose up take (mobilize/maintain glucose for blood stream)
43
Actions of IGF-1 on Cartilage
stimulates cartilage matric growth/balance, increase/maintain tissue growth, increase synthesis of matrix, amino acid uptake, protein synth (DNA/RNA synth), critical for linear bone growth
44
Actions of IGF-1 on Muscle, bone, organs
Amino acid uptake/protein synth (DNA/RNA synth) increased cell size/number Bone--> facilitate osteoblast/osteoclast activity
45
Metabolic Actions of GH/IGF-1 | Protein metabolism
stiumulates AA uptake/synth and protein anabolism in tissue
46
Metabolic Actions of GH/IGF-1 | Carbohydrate metabolism
assists in maintaining blood glucose levels impairs glucose uptake stimulates liver glycogenolysis
47
Metabolic Actions of GH/IGF-1 | Fat Metabolism
increase lipolysis, decrease glucose uptake into fat cells
48
Factors that stimulate Gh release from anterior pituitary gland
– GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) from hypothalamus – Elevated sex hormones associated with puberty – Dietary protein:  increase ingestion of AA provide building blocks for growth – Hypoglycemia:  Inhibits somatostatin (GH inhibitor from hypothalamus) – Stage 4 (deep) sleep:  critical for developing children – Exercise:  stress “response” to exercise…appropriate physical stress will produce growth
49
Factors that inhibit GH release
``` somatostatin glucocorticoids hyperglycemia Negative feed bqck cycles excessive androgen levels ```
50
Three phases of growth phase
Phase 1-prenatal to 1st year phase 2- juvenile growth (1-puberty) influenced primarily by GH, thyroid hormones and insulin Phase 3- Puberty sex steroid hormones (testerone, estrogen) require normal GH levels for optimal influence, steroid hormones increase GH release
51
Hormones that influence growth
GH, thyroid, gonodal steroid hormone, Insulin, Cortisol
52
GH0 influence growth
metabolic changes to favor growth | direct/indirect stimulus of cell growth (synergistic with IGF-1)
53
Thyroid Hormone- influence growth
maintenance fxn on GH necessary for CNS development necessary for normal fxn of IGF-1
54
Gonadal Steroid Hormones- influence growth
stimulate growth | necessary for normal GH secretion
55
Insulin- Influence growth
stimulate fetal postnatal growth
56
Cortisol (neg. impact on growth)
inhibits GH, decrease the effects of growth factors on epiphysis
57
Insufficient GH
dwarfism, GH dysfunction before growth plates close. impaired Gh secretions or GH receptors
58
Excessive GH
Giantism-increase GH before epiphyseal plates close Acromegaly- increases in GH after epiphyseal plates close
59
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
60
Gonadotropins Hormone | Luteinizing hormone
LH- Females-ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and synthesis of estrogen progesterone in ovary Male- stimulates synthesis and secretion of testerone
61
Gonadotropins Hormones | Follicle stimulating horome
Females- growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretions Males- stimulates sperm maturation in testicles
62
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones
63
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone | stimulates melanin synthesis/release from melanocytes in the skin.

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