Endocrine Module 2- Section 1-Pancreas

Question 1

pancreas

Answer 1

endocrine and exocrine fxn
endocrine fxn consists of islets cells-alpha, beta, delta

alpha-glucagon
beta-insulin
delta-somatostatin

Question 2

Glucagon Function

Answer 2

prevents hypoglycemia, increases blood glucose levels

catabolic and mobilizes fuel

Question 3

Glucagon Target Cells

Answer 3

liver-glycogenolysis (break down glycogen), glucogenesis (glucose formation)

Fat tissue- lypolysis

Muscle-proteolysis (for amino acid release)

In response to hyporglycemia-glucagon trying to make fuel

Question 4

Factors that stimulate glucagon secretion

Answer 4

hypoglycemia, exercise, stress, fasting

Question 5

Factors that inhibit glucagon secretions

Answer 5

hyperglycemia

Question 6

Amylin

Answer 6

co-secreated with insulin during feeding. Supress glucagon

Question 7

Insulin-Function

Answer 7

prevents hyperglycemia, promotes “metabolic fuel” storage
decrease blood glucose levels, decrease blood levels if amino acid concentrations and FFA/ketons, decrease serum potassium uptake into cells

Question 8

Insulin target-Liver

Answer 8

increased glucose uptake, formation of glycogen, lipid/protein synthesis

decreased ketogenesis, glycogenolysis

Question 9

Insulin target- muscle

Answer 9

increased glucose uptake, formation of glycogen, amino acid uptake, protein synth

decreased glycogenolysis

Question 10

Insulin Target- adipose tissue

Answer 10

Increased- glucose uptake, glucose to form glycerol phosphate, fat storage

Decreased-lypolysis

Question 11

Factors that stimulate nsulin secretions

Answer 11

hyperglycemia
increased serum levels of FFA, amino acids
GI/digestive hormones
parasympathetic stimulation of pancreatic beta cells

Question 12

Factors that inhibit insulin secretion

Answer 12

hypoglycemia, negative feedback loop (increased insulin levels)
sympathetic simulation of pancreatic beta cells
prostaglandins (PGE2)

Question 13

Insulin Sensitivity

Answer 13

body can down or up regulate insulin receptors

excessive insulin will decrease number of insulin receptors

Question 14

DM Type 1

Answer 14

insulin insufficiency d/t result of pancreatic destruction of beta cells islets of langerhans

Hyperglycemia–cells unable to take up glucose from blood

Hyperlipidemia–lack of insulin is inhibitory to fat storage, athersclerotic changes in BV

Increased Ketone Bodies/ketoacidosis- ketones formed from increased FFA metabolism in liver

Catabolic Affect on muscle mass (attempt to mobilize amino acids for fuel)

Question 15

Insulin Shock

Answer 15

hypoglycemia
excessive insulin administration, increased physcial activity, poor glucose monitoring

will see hunger, sweating, irritability

Question 16

DM Type 2

Answer 16

increased insulin resistance (ineffecient clearance of glucose from blood stream results in more insulin being secreted)
sets up perpetuating cycle of increased insulin resistance