Pulmonary Mod. 1 Structures&Function

Question 1

Structures of Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 1

Nasal Cavity- conducts air, warm&humidifies

Pharynx–naso,oro,laryngo

Question 2

Larynx

Answer 2

connects upper&lower respiratory tracts

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid,

Question 3

Trachea

Answer 3

high velocity of air
divides into R&L primary bronchi, continues to divide up to 23x.
bifurcatesa t carina

Question 4

Primary Bronchi

Answer 4

bifurcates t carina

enters the hilum

Question 5

Lobar Bronchi

Answer 5

3 on R, 2 on L

Question 6

Segmental bronchi

Answer 6

divide off lobar branch
surgical lobes
10in R, 8 in L

Question 7

Primary Fxn of Pulmonary System

Answer 7

gas exchange

Question 8

Non-respiratory functions of Pulmonary System

Answer 8

phonation (larynx)
acid base balance
defense mechanism (airconditioning&olfaction)
metabolic function (vasoactive substances removed by lungs)
Filtration/removal of particles (ciliary action, reflexes in airway/irritant receptors-cough/sneeze)

Question 9

Anatomy of conducting zone

Answer 9

upper respiratory tract to terminal bronchioles
no alveoli
first 16 generations of of tracheal tree

moves air into/out of conducting areas

Question 10

What is anatomical dead space/where is it

Answer 10

air that comes into conducting zone but does not reach respiratory gas exchange regions (no gas exchange)

Question 11

Mucociliary excalator

Answer 11

mucous traps foreign particles, cilia moves them towards pharynx (will be swallowed/expectorated/blown out of nose)

Question 12

Respiratory Zone

Answer 12

respiratory bronchioles to alveolar scs

respiratory bronchioles–>alveolar sacs

Question 13

Transitional Sections of Respiratory Zone

Answer 13

alveoli start at 17-19 divisions

Question 14

Respiratory section of respiratory zone

Answer 14

alveoli completely at 20th-22nd generations

alveolar sac-23rd generation

Question 15

Acinus

Answer 15

respiratory bronchioles–1st site of gas exchange)

alveolar duct–portion that is surrounded by the grape like cluster of the alveoli)

alveolar sacs–clusters of individual alveoli

Question 16

Alveoli

Answer 16

primary gas exchange site

Question 17

Epithelial Layer of Alveolar Septa

Answer 17

Type I alveolar cells:physical structure to alveoli

Type II: produces surfactant

Question 18

Basement Membrane of alveolar septa

Answer 18

thin elastic layer that allows gas exchange

Question 19

Defense of Alveoli

Answer 19

phagocytes/macrophages (ingest/remove foreign particles)

Question 20

Wall and Lining of the Airways

Answer 20

Trachea-c shaped cartilage and smooth muscle

larger bronchi-smaller bronchi: cartilage becoming progressively diminished

Bronchioled: cartilage disappears

Question 21

Tracheal Tree Wall Lining

Answer 21

Inner Layer: epithelial lining
Middle Layer: smooth muscle
Outer Layer: connective tissue

Question 22

Mucous Producing Secreting cells

Answer 22

found along airway

Globlet cells: proximal to bronchioles
Clara cells: located in the terminal bronchioles

Question 23

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 23

Un-oxygenated blood from R.ventricle travels to pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange

also acts as a reservoir for for left ventricle

Question 24

Bronchial Circulation

Answer 24

oxygenated blood from L. Ventricle supplies structures of pulmonary system

no gas exchange
bronchial arteries supply structures of lungs

Question 25

Pressure and flow dynamics of pulmonary circulations

Answer 25

Low Pressure system (10-20 mmHg)

only 1/3 of pulmonary blood vessels filled

Question 26

Pulmonary Capillaries

Answer 26

capillary beds surrounds each alveolar sac, allows alot of blood to be exposed to the gas in alveoli

Question 27

Alveolocapillary Membrane

Answer 27

gas exchange membrane

• alveolar epithelium & basement membrane
• interstitial space
• capillary basement membrane & epithelium

1/10 of liter spread over area of 10mx10m

Question 28

Hypoxic Vasoconstriction

Answer 28

if damage or pp of O2 drops, arterioles direct blood AWAY from the site

Question 29

Functional Right to Left Shunt

Answer 29

some bronchial capillaries drain into pulm. veins return to left atria

bronchial (d.oxygenated) drain into pulm vein (oxygenated)

R to L shunt= un-oxygenated blood passing into oxygenated circulation

Question 30

Pleura

Answer 30

dbl folded serous membrane
Visceral pleura-lines the lungs
Parietal Pleura-lines the chest wall

Question 31

Pleural Space/Cavity

Answer 31

space between visceral & parietal layers

pleural fluid-secreted by pleura, normally thin layer within the pleural space, provides lubricant

Question 32

Pores of Kohn

Answer 32

allows adjacent alveoli to exchange air between each other

Question 33

Pressure in Pleural Space

Answer 33

low (negative/subatmospheric) -4 to -10mmHg

allows lungs to expand and “suck-in”outside air