Structures and Tissues of Animals Flashcards
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Soft-bodied invertebrates are supported by fluids inside bodies. Fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles- under pressure. Pressure and contraction of muscles change the animal’s shape and allow animal to crawl, swim or dig.
Animals with this type of body include jellyfish, octopi, sea anemones, earthworms, etc.
Exoskeleton
External Skeleton - occurs outside of an animal’s body. Belong to invertebrates - the largest group of arthropods. Consists of polysaccharides, chitin (hardened by calcium carbonates).
Exoskeleton
Internal skeleton - occurs on inside of animal’s body. Found vertebrates, belonging to the chordates. Made of bone, cartilage, joints, ligaments and muscles and tendon.
Desiccation
The drying out of an organism by removing water or extracting moisture.
Chitin
A large, structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose. Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, the cell walls of fungi, and certain hard structures in invertebrates and fish.
Axial Skeleton
The part of the skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column and the thorax.
Appendicular Skeleton
The part of the skeleton is comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.
Serrated Sutures
An articulation by a suture in which there is an interlocking of bones by small projections and indentations resembling sawlike teeth.
Articulate
A joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.
Dental Formula
The number, type and arrangement of teeth of a specific animal.
Incisors
The front teeth present in most mammals. Cut food into smaller pieces.
Canines
A pointed tooth next to the incisors. Tear or bite food.
Premolars
Teeth of a mammal in front of the true molars and behind the canines when the latter are present. Grind food.
Molars
The large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth that are used for breaking up food
Vertebra
An irregular bone with some hyaline cartilage component. The typical vertebra has the following parts: a body and a vertebral (neural) arch with several processes (e.g. articular, transverse, spinous)
Sternum
Breastbone to which ribs are attached
Pectoral Girdle
Also known as Shoulder Girdle.
Skeletal support for upper limbs of vertebrates that transmits power from limbs to the body and protects organs in the thorax.
Pelvic Girdle
Also known as Hip Girdle.
Skeletal support for lower limbs of vertebrates that sends power in locomotion from limbs to body.
Centrum
The body of a vertebra ventral to the neural arch.
Neural Arch
A structure arising dorsally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the spinal cord
Processes
Two transverse processes, which extend to the sides of the vertebra and provide structural rigidity.
Foraman Magnum
The large opening at the base of the brain through which spinal cord passes.
False Ribs
The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs.
The upper three false ribs connect to the costal cartilages of the ribs just above them.
However, the last two false ribs usually have no ventral attachment (no anchor at all in front) and are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
True Ribs
The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true (or sternal) ribs.
Floating Ribs
One of the last two ribs. A rib is said to be “floating” if it does not attach to the sternum (the breast bone) or to another rib.
Striated Muscle
Muscle tissue that is marked by transverse dark and light bands.
Perimysium
The connective tissue surrounding muscle bundles.
Epimysium
The dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue.
Sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of the muscle cell and is surrounded by basement membrane tissue.
Myosin
A fibrous globulin of muscle that can split ATP and that reacts with actin in muscle contraction to form actomyosin
Actin
Protein that is an important contributor to the contractile property of muscle and other cells.
