Structures and Tissues of Animals

Question 1

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Answer 1

Soft-bodied invertebrates are supported by fluids inside bodies. Fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles- under pressure. Pressure and contraction of muscles change the animal’s shape and allow animal to crawl, swim or dig.

Animals with this type of body include jellyfish, octopi, sea anemones, earthworms, etc.

Question 2

Exoskeleton

Answer 2

External Skeleton - occurs outside of an animal’s body. Belong to invertebrates - the largest group of arthropods. Consists of polysaccharides, chitin (hardened by calcium carbonates).

Question 3

Exoskeleton

Answer 3

Internal skeleton - occurs on inside of animal’s body. Found vertebrates, belonging to the chordates. Made of bone, cartilage, joints, ligaments and muscles and tendon.

Question 4

Desiccation

Answer 4

The drying out of an organism by removing water or extracting moisture.

Question 5

Chitin

Answer 5

A large, structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose. Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, the cell walls of fungi, and certain hard structures in invertebrates and fish.

Question 6

Axial Skeleton

Answer 6

The part of the skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column and the thorax.

Question 7

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 7

The part of the skeleton is comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.

Question 8

Serrated Sutures

Answer 8

An articulation by a suture in which there is an interlocking of bones by small projections and indentations resembling sawlike teeth.

Question 9

Articulate

Answer 9

A joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.

Question 10

Dental Formula

Answer 10

The number, type and arrangement of teeth of a specific animal.

Question 11

Incisors

Answer 11

The front teeth present in most mammals. Cut food into smaller pieces.

Question 12

Canines

Answer 12

A pointed tooth next to the incisors. Tear or bite food.

Question 13

Premolars

Answer 13

Teeth of a mammal in front of the true molars and behind the canines when the latter are present. Grind food.

Question 14

Molars

Answer 14

The large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth that are used for breaking up food

Question 15

Vertebra

Answer 15

An irregular bone with some hyaline cartilage component. The typical vertebra has the following parts: a body and a vertebral (neural) arch with several processes (e.g. articular, transverse, spinous)

Question 16

Sternum

Answer 16

Breastbone to which ribs are attached

Question 17

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 17

Also known as Shoulder Girdle.

Skeletal support for upper limbs of vertebrates that transmits power from limbs to the body and protects organs in the thorax.

Question 18

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 18

Also known as Hip Girdle.

Skeletal support for lower limbs of vertebrates that sends power in locomotion from limbs to body.

Question 19

Centrum

Answer 19

The body of a vertebra ventral to the neural arch.

Question 20

Neural Arch

Answer 20

A structure arising dorsally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the spinal cord

Question 21

Processes

Answer 21

Two transverse processes, which extend to the sides of the vertebra and provide structural rigidity.

Question 22

Foraman Magnum

Answer 22

The large opening at the base of the brain through which spinal cord passes.

Question 23

False Ribs

Answer 23

The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs.

The upper three false ribs connect to the costal cartilages of the ribs just above them.

However, the last two false ribs usually have no ventral attachment (no anchor at all in front) and are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.

Question 24

True Ribs

Answer 24

The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true (or sternal) ribs.

Question 25

Floating Ribs

Answer 25

One of the last two ribs. A rib is said to be “floating” if it does not attach to the sternum (the breast bone) or to another rib.

Question 26

Striated Muscle

Answer 26

Muscle tissue that is marked by transverse dark and light bands.

Question 27

Perimysium

Answer 27

The connective tissue surrounding muscle bundles.

Question 28

Epimysium

Answer 28

The dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue.

Question 29

Sarcolemma

Answer 29

The plasma membrane of the muscle cell and is surrounded by basement membrane tissue.

Question 30

Myosin

Answer 30

A fibrous globulin of muscle that can split ATP and that reacts with actin in muscle contraction to form actomyosin

Question 31

Actin

Answer 31

Protein that is an important contributor to the contractile property of muscle and other cells.