Structures and systems

Question 1

Hypothalamus

Answer 1

TAN HATS:
Thirst and water balance
Adenpypophysis control (reg anterior pit)
Neurohypophysis (release hormon made hypothal)

Hunger
Autonomic regulation
Temp control
Sexual urges

Inputs: OVLT (change in osmolarity), area postrema (responds to emetics) these two areas not protected by BBB

Hypothalamus made up of 5 components
Lateral area
Ventromedial area
Anterior hypothalamus
Posterior hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 2

What makes the hormones in hypothalamus

Answer 2

Supraoptic nucleus: ADH
Paraventricular nucleus: Oxytoxin

Both made by hypothal but stored and released by post thal

Question 3

Hypothalamus: lateral area

Answer 3

Hunger

If destructed, anorexia, FTT
Inhibited by leptin

If you zap your lateral nucleus, you shrink laterally

Question 4

Hypothalamus: ventromedial area

Answer 4

Satiety

Destruction by craniopharyngioma, then hyperphagia
Stimulated by leptin

If you zap your ventromedial nucleus, you grow ventrally and medially.

Question 5

Hypothalamus: anterior

Answer 5

cooling and parasympathetic

Anterior nucleus= cools off (cooling, pArasympt)

“A/C=anterior cooling”

Question 6

Hypothalamus: posterior

Answer 6

Heating and sympathetic

If you zap your posterior hypothal, you become poikilotherm (cold-blooded)

Question 7

Hypothalamus: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 7

Circadian rhythm

Question 8

Posterior pituitary

Answer 8

Receives hypothalamix axonal projections from supraoptic (ADH) and paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei

Oxys=quick, tocos=birth

Adenohyphysis: anterior pituiary

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

Major relay for all ascending sensory info EXCEPT olfaction.

Made up of 5 structures
VPL
VPM
LGN
MGN
VL

Question 10

Thalamus: VPL

Answer 10

Input: spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

Info: pain and tem; pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception

Destination: 1’ somatosensory cortex

Question 11

Thalamus: VPM

Answer 11

Input: trigeminal and gustatory pathways

Info: face sensation and TASTE

Destination: 1’ somantosensory cortex

“Makeup and Munch”

Question 12

Thalamus: LGN

Answer 12

Input: CN2

Info: vision

Destination: calcarine sulcus

Lateral: light

Question 13

Thalamus: MGN

Answer 13

Input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

Info: hearing

Destination: auditory cortex of temporal lobe

Medial = music

Question 14

Thalamus: VL

Answer 14

Input: basal ganglia

Info: motor

Destination: motor cortex

Question 15

Limbic system

Answer 15

Emotion
Long term memory
Olfaction,
Behavior modulation
Autonomic nervous system function

5 Structures:

1) hippocampus
2) amygdala
3) fornix
4) mammilary body
5) cingulate gurys

The Famous Five F’s
Feeding, feeling, fighting, fleeing and FUCKING

Question 16

Cerebellum: input

Answer 16

Modulates movement, aids in coordination/balance

Input:

1) cotralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle
2) ipsilateral proprioceptive info via inferior cerebellar peduncle from the spinal cord (input nerves = climbing and mossy fibers)

Question 17

Cerebellum: output

Answer 17

Modulates movement, aids in coordination/balance

Output:
1) sends info to contralateral cortex to modulate movement. Output nerves = Purkinje fibers send info to deep nuclei of cerebellum, which in turn send info to the contralateral cortex via superior cerebeller peduncle

2) Deep nuclei (lateral to medial): dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial “Dont Eat Greasy Food”
- Lateral: voluntary movement of extremities, when injuried, propensity to fall toward ipsilateral side
- Medial: balance, truncal coordination

Question 18

Basal ganglia: structures

Answer 18

Voluntary movement and postural adjustments

Receive coordinal input, provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement

Striatum: putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive) (Huntington)
Lentiform = putamen +globus pallidus
(lentiform=Wilsons)

Question 19

Basal ganglia: pathways

Answer 19

Excitatory: cortical input stimulates the striatum, stimulating the release of GABA, which disinhibits the thalamus via the GPi/SNr (increase motion)

Inhibitory: cortical input stimulates the striatum, which disinhibits STN via GPe, and STN stimulates GPi/SNr to inhibit the thalamus (decrease motor)

Dopamine binds to D1, stimulating excitatory pathway, and to D2, inhibiting the inhibitory pathway (increase motion)