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cardiovascular lectures > structure of upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

structure of upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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2
Q

where is the nose

A

most superior portion of the respiratory tract

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3
Q

functions of the nose

A
  • Warms and humidifies the inspired air.
  • Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air.
  • Responsible for sense of smell.
  • Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts.
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4
Q

how is surface area of nose increased

A

it is doubled by turbinates

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5
Q

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

pneumatised areas of the :

  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid bones
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6
Q

how are paranasal sinuses arranged

A

in pairs

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7
Q

describe paranasal sinuses

A

evagination of mucus membrane from the nasal cavity

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8
Q

location of frontal sinuses

A

within frontal bone
midline septum
over orbit and across superciliary arch
nerve supply - ophthalmic division of V nerve

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9
Q

location of maxillary sinuses

A

located within the body of the maxilla

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10
Q

structure of maxillary sinuses

A

pyramidal shape
base - lateral wall of the nose
apex - zygomatic process of the maxilla
roof - floor of the orbit
floor - alveolar process
open into the middle meatus
hiatus semilunaris

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11
Q

where are ethmoid sinuses

A

between the eyes

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12
Q

structure of ethmoid sinuses

A

labyrinth of air cells
semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus
nerve supply - ophthalmic and maxillary V nerve

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13
Q

sphenoid sinuses

A

medial to the cavernous sinus
carotid artery III,IV,V,VI
inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
empties into sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to the attachment of the nasal septum
nerve supply - ophthalmic V

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14
Q

what does larynx do

A

valvular function
- prevents liquids and food from entering lung

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15
Q

structure of larynx

A

rigid structure
9 cartilages
multiple muscles
arytenoid cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords

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16
Q

what are the single laryngeal cartilages

A

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

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17
Q

what are the double laryngeal cartilages

A

cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid

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18
Q

how is laryngeal innervated

A

the vagus
2 branches
- superior laryngeal nerve
- recurrent laryngeal nerve

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19
Q

superior laryngeal nerve

A

inferior ganglion
lateral pharyngeal wall
divides into
- internal - sensation
- external - cricothyroid muscle

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20
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

all muscles except cricothyroid
has right and left

left
lateral to arch of aorta
loops under aorta
ascends between trachea and oesophagus

right
R subclavian artery
plane between trachea and oesophagus

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21
Q

what are the nasal cavities

A

chambers of the internal nose

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22
Q

what do nostrils do

A

inhale air and warm it as it moves further into the nasal cavities

23
Q

what lines the nasal cavities

A

Epithelial cilia and a mucous membrane

  • these trap unwanted particles
24
Q

where does filtered warm air go to from the nasal cavities

A

the filtered, warmed air passes out of the back of the nasal cavities into the nasopharynx

25
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

four paired, air-filled cavities found inside bones of the skull

26
Q

list the 4 paranasal sinuses

A
  1. frontal sinus
  2. ethmoidal sinus
  3. sphenoidal sinus
  4. maxillary sinus
27
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses

A

mucosae - help to warm and humidify the air we inhale

28
Q

what happens when air enters the sinuses from the nasal cavities

A

mucus formed by the muscosae drains into the nasal cavities

29
Q

what structures does the pharynx connect

A

it connects the Nasal and Oral Cavities to the Larynx and Esophagus

30
Q

what is pharynx also known as

A

throat

31
Q

what does the pharynx do during respiration

A

conducts air between the larynx and trachea and the nasal and the oral cavities

32
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
33
Q

description of nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nasal cavity and serves only as a passageway for air

34
Q

description of oropharynx

A

posterior to the oral cavity and contains the palatine tonsils

air and ingested food pass through it

35
Q

description of laryngopharyx

A

posterior to the epiglottis and connects to the larynx (superiorly) and the esophagus

air and ingested food pass through it

36
Q

what happens to the epiglottis as we breathe

A

it stays up and air passes freely between the laryngopharynx and the larynx

37
Q

which structures does the larynx connect

A

connects the lower part of the pharynx, the laryngopharynx, to the trachea.

38
Q

what does the larynx do

A

keeps the air passages open during breathing and digestion and is the key organ for producing sound

39
Q

how many cartilages compose the larynx

A

9

40
Q

where is the epiglottis

A

on the posterior side of the larynx

41
Q

how does epiglottis move food

A

it closes like a trap door as we swallow

this steers food down the esophagus and away from the windpipe

42
Q

whats inside the larynx

A

the vocal folds (or true vocal cords)

43
Q

how do vocal fold allow us to speak

A

they have have elastic ligaments at their core.

when we speak, yell, or sing, air coming up from the lungs and trachea vibrates the folds, producing the sound.

44
Q

what is the Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Touch Another Bone

A

hyoid

45
Q

where is the hyoid

A

just under the chin
attached to the tongue

46
Q

what does the hyoid do

A

helps you to swallow at the start of digestion

47
Q

which structures depend on the hyoid

A

structures that produce sound

the body and greater bones of the hyoid are attachment points for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during speech and swallowing

48
Q

arterial supply of upper part of nasal cavity

A

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery; a branch of the internal carotid artery.

49
Q

arterial supply of lower part of nasal cavity

A

sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery

50
Q

venous drainage of nasal cavity

A

matches the arteries

  • maxillary branches drain either into the cavernous sinus or the pterygoid plexus
  • the veins of the anterior nasal cavity drain into the facial vein
51
Q

nerve supply of nasal cavity

A
  • olfactory nerves
  • nasopalatine nerve
  • nasociliary nerve
  • trigeminal nerve
52
Q

3 muscles of the pharynx

A
  • stylopharyngeus - superior
  • salpingopharyngeus - middle
  • palatopharyngeus - inferior
53
Q

sensory supply to the pharynx

A

· the glossopharyngeal nerve via the pharyngeal plexus;

· the posterior palatine branch of the maxillary nerve;

· twigs from the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve

cardiovascular lectures (15 decks)

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