structure of upper respiratory tract Flashcards
what does the upper respiratory tract consist of
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
where is the nose
most superior portion of the respiratory tract
functions of the nose
- Warms and humidifies the inspired air.
- Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air.
- Responsible for sense of smell.
- Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts.
how is surface area of nose increased
it is doubled by turbinates
what are the 4 paranasal sinuses
pneumatised areas of the :
- frontal
- maxillary
- ethmoid
- sphenoid bones
how are paranasal sinuses arranged
in pairs
describe paranasal sinuses
evagination of mucus membrane from the nasal cavity
location of frontal sinuses
within frontal bone
midline septum
over orbit and across superciliary arch
nerve supply - ophthalmic division of V nerve
location of maxillary sinuses
located within the body of the maxilla
structure of maxillary sinuses
pyramidal shape
base - lateral wall of the nose
apex - zygomatic process of the maxilla
roof - floor of the orbit
floor - alveolar process
open into the middle meatus
hiatus semilunaris
where are ethmoid sinuses
between the eyes
structure of ethmoid sinuses
labyrinth of air cells
semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus
nerve supply - ophthalmic and maxillary V nerve
sphenoid sinuses
medial to the cavernous sinus
carotid artery III,IV,V,VI
inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
empties into sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to the attachment of the nasal septum
nerve supply - ophthalmic V
what does larynx do
valvular function
- prevents liquids and food from entering lung
structure of larynx
rigid structure
9 cartilages
multiple muscles
arytenoid cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords
what are the single laryngeal cartilages
epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid
what are the double laryngeal cartilages
cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid
how is laryngeal innervated
the vagus
2 branches
- superior laryngeal nerve
- recurrent laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal nerve
inferior ganglion
lateral pharyngeal wall
divides into
- internal - sensation
- external - cricothyroid muscle
recurrent laryngeal nerve
all muscles except cricothyroid
has right and left
left
lateral to arch of aorta
loops under aorta
ascends between trachea and oesophagus
right
R subclavian artery
plane between trachea and oesophagus
what are the nasal cavities
chambers of the internal nose
what do nostrils do
inhale air and warm it as it moves further into the nasal cavities
what lines the nasal cavities
Epithelial cilia and a mucous membrane
- these trap unwanted particles
where does filtered warm air go to from the nasal cavities
the filtered, warmed air passes out of the back of the nasal cavities into the nasopharynx
what are the paranasal sinuses
four paired, air-filled cavities found inside bones of the skull
list the 4 paranasal sinuses
- frontal sinus
- ethmoidal sinus
- sphenoidal sinus
- maxillary sinus
what lines the paranasal sinuses
mucosae - help to warm and humidify the air we inhale
what happens when air enters the sinuses from the nasal cavities
mucus formed by the muscosae drains into the nasal cavities
what structures does the pharynx connect
it connects the Nasal and Oral Cavities to the Larynx and Esophagus
what is pharynx also known as
throat
what does the pharynx do during respiration
conducts air between the larynx and trachea and the nasal and the oral cavities
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
description of nasopharynx
posterior to the nasal cavity and serves only as a passageway for air
description of oropharynx
posterior to the oral cavity and contains the palatine tonsils
air and ingested food pass through it
description of laryngopharyx
posterior to the epiglottis and connects to the larynx (superiorly) and the esophagus
air and ingested food pass through it
what happens to the epiglottis as we breathe
it stays up and air passes freely between the laryngopharynx and the larynx
which structures does the larynx connect
connects the lower part of the pharynx, the laryngopharynx, to the trachea.
what does the larynx do
keeps the air passages open during breathing and digestion and is the key organ for producing sound
how many cartilages compose the larynx
9
where is the epiglottis
on the posterior side of the larynx
how does epiglottis move food
it closes like a trap door as we swallow
this steers food down the esophagus and away from the windpipe
whats inside the larynx
the vocal folds (or true vocal cords)
how do vocal fold allow us to speak
they have have elastic ligaments at their core.
when we speak, yell, or sing, air coming up from the lungs and trachea vibrates the folds, producing the sound.
what is the Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Touch Another Bone
hyoid
where is the hyoid
just under the chin
attached to the tongue
what does the hyoid do
helps you to swallow at the start of digestion
which structures depend on the hyoid
structures that produce sound
the body and greater bones of the hyoid are attachment points for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during speech and swallowing
arterial supply of upper part of nasal cavity
the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery; a branch of the internal carotid artery.
arterial supply of lower part of nasal cavity
sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery
venous drainage of nasal cavity
matches the arteries
- maxillary branches drain either into the cavernous sinus or the pterygoid plexus
- the veins of the anterior nasal cavity drain into the facial vein
nerve supply of nasal cavity
- olfactory nerves
- nasopalatine nerve
- nasociliary nerve
- trigeminal nerve
3 muscles of the pharynx
- stylopharyngeus - superior
- salpingopharyngeus - middle
- palatopharyngeus - inferior
sensory supply to the pharynx
· the glossopharyngeal nerve via the pharyngeal plexus;
· the posterior palatine branch of the maxillary nerve;
· twigs from the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve
