structure of upper respiratory tract

Question 1

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of

Answer 1

• nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx

Question 2

where is the nose

Answer 2

most superior portion of the respiratory tract

Question 3

functions of the nose

Answer 3

• Warms and humidifies the inspired air.
• Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air.
• Responsible for sense of smell.
• Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts.

Question 4

how is surface area of nose increased

Answer 4

it is doubled by turbinates

Question 5

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 5

pneumatised areas of the :

• frontal
• maxillary
• ethmoid
• sphenoid bones

Question 6

how are paranasal sinuses arranged

Answer 6

in pairs

Question 7

describe paranasal sinuses

Answer 7

evagination of mucus membrane from the nasal cavity

Question 8

location of frontal sinuses

Answer 8

within frontal bone
midline septum
over orbit and across superciliary arch
nerve supply - ophthalmic division of V nerve

Question 9

location of maxillary sinuses

Answer 9

located within the body of the maxilla

Question 10

structure of maxillary sinuses

Answer 10

pyramidal shape
base - lateral wall of the nose
apex - zygomatic process of the maxilla
roof - floor of the orbit
floor - alveolar process
open into the middle meatus
hiatus semilunaris

Question 11

where are ethmoid sinuses

Answer 11

between the eyes

Question 12

structure of ethmoid sinuses

Answer 12

labyrinth of air cells
semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus
nerve supply - ophthalmic and maxillary V nerve

Question 13

sphenoid sinuses

Answer 13

medial to the cavernous sinus
carotid artery III,IV,V,VI
inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
empties into sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to the attachment of the nasal septum
nerve supply - ophthalmic V

Question 14

what does larynx do

Answer 14

valvular function
- prevents liquids and food from entering lung

Question 15

structure of larynx

Answer 15

rigid structure
9 cartilages
multiple muscles
arytenoid cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords

Question 16

what are the single laryngeal cartilages

Answer 16

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

Question 17

what are the double laryngeal cartilages

Answer 17

cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid

Question 18

how is laryngeal innervated

Answer 18

the vagus
2 branches
- superior laryngeal nerve
- recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 19

superior laryngeal nerve

Answer 19

inferior ganglion
lateral pharyngeal wall
divides into
- internal - sensation
- external - cricothyroid muscle

Question 20

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 20

all muscles except cricothyroid
has right and left

left
lateral to arch of aorta
loops under aorta
ascends between trachea and oesophagus

right
R subclavian artery
plane between trachea and oesophagus

Question 21

what are the nasal cavities

Answer 21

chambers of the internal nose

Question 22

what do nostrils do

Answer 22

inhale air and warm it as it moves further into the nasal cavities

Question 23

what lines the nasal cavities

Answer 23

Epithelial cilia and a mucous membrane

• these trap unwanted particles

Question 24

where does filtered warm air go to from the nasal cavities

Answer 24

the filtered, warmed air passes out of the back of the nasal cavities into the nasopharynx

Question 25

what are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 25

four paired, air-filled cavities found inside bones of the skull

Question 26

list the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 26

1. frontal sinus 2. ethmoidal sinus 3. sphenoidal sinus 4. maxillary sinus

Question 27

what lines the paranasal sinuses

Answer 27

mucosae - help to warm and humidify the air we inhale

Question 28

what happens when air enters the sinuses from the nasal cavities

Answer 28

mucus formed by the muscosae drains into the nasal cavities

Question 29

what structures does the pharynx connect

Answer 29

it connects the Nasal and Oral Cavities to the Larynx and Esophagus

Question 30

what is pharynx also known as

Answer 30

throat

Question 31

what does the pharynx do during respiration

Answer 31

conducts air between the larynx and trachea and the nasal and the oral cavities

Question 32

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx

Answer 32

- nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx

Question 33

description of nasopharynx

Answer 33

posterior to the nasal cavity and serves only as a passageway for air

Question 34

description of oropharynx

Answer 34

posterior to the oral cavity and contains the palatine tonsils air and ingested food pass through it

Question 35

description of laryngopharyx

Answer 35

posterior to the epiglottis and connects to the larynx (superiorly) and the esophagus air and ingested food pass through it

Question 36

what happens to the epiglottis as we breathe

Answer 36

it stays up and air passes freely between the laryngopharynx and the larynx

Question 37

which structures does the larynx connect

Answer 37

connects the lower part of the pharynx, the laryngopharynx, to the trachea.

Question 38

what does the larynx do

Answer 38

keeps the air passages open during breathing and digestion and is the key organ for producing sound

Question 39

how many cartilages compose the larynx

Answer 39

9

Question 40

where is the epiglottis

Answer 40

on the posterior side of the larynx

Question 41

how does epiglottis move food

Answer 41

it closes like a trap door as we swallow this steers food down the esophagus and away from the windpipe

Question 42

whats inside the larynx

Answer 42

the vocal folds (or true vocal cords)

Question 43

how do vocal fold allow us to speak

Answer 43

they have have elastic ligaments at their core. when we speak, yell, or sing, air coming up from the lungs and trachea vibrates the folds, producing the sound.

Question 44

what is the Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Touch Another Bone

Answer 44

hyoid

Question 45

where is the hyoid

Answer 45

just under the chin attached to the tongue

Question 46

what does the hyoid do

Answer 46

helps you to swallow at the start of digestion

Question 47

which structures depend on the hyoid

Answer 47

structures that produce sound the body and greater bones of the hyoid are attachment points for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during speech and swallowing

Question 48

arterial supply of upper part of nasal cavity

Answer 48

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery; a branch of the internal carotid artery.

Question 49

arterial supply of lower part of nasal cavity

Answer 49

sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery

Question 50

venous drainage of nasal cavity

Answer 50

matches the arteries - maxillary branches drain either into the cavernous sinus or the pterygoid plexus - the veins of the anterior nasal cavity drain into the facial vein

Question 51

nerve supply of nasal cavity

Answer 51

- olfactory nerves - nasopalatine nerve - nasociliary nerve - trigeminal nerve

Question 52

3 muscles of the pharynx

Answer 52

- stylopharyngeus - superior - salpingopharyngeus - middle - palatopharyngeus - inferior

Question 53

sensory supply to the pharynx

Answer 53

· the glossopharyngeal nerve via the pharyngeal plexus; · the posterior palatine branch of the maxillary nerve; · twigs from the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve