Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cardiovascular lectures > red blood cells & white blood cells > Flashcards

red blood cells & white blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 components of blood

A

cellular component - red cells, white cells, platelets

fluid component - plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how much of blood is made from cellular component

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much of blood is made from fluid component

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many litres of blood do we have

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define haematocrit

A

the volume of red blood cells in your blood i.e haemoglobin in the blood, normal haematocrit is 0.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are 3 sites of haemolysis

A
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what causes high haematocrit

A

excessive RBC production (polycythemia) and dehydration (plasma loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what causes low haematocrit

A

anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is normal haematocrit level

A

0.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define haemopoiesis

A

the process of the production of blood cells and platelets which continues throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is difference between haemopoiesis location in adults and embryonic life and early infancy

A

adults occurs in bone marrow only

embryonic life and early infancy can occur in other sites as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the most primitive types of cells

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
in the bone marrow the stem cells proliferate (reproduce rapidly) and differentiate into mature cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the lifetime of red blood cells

A

120 days (make 2 million a second)

longest living cell other than red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the lifetime of platelets

A

7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the lifetime of white blood cells

A

6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

do red blood cells and platelets have a nucleus

A

no
they are anucleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are the precursor cells of red blood cells found (general)

A

red bone marrow of long bones (femur) in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are the precursor cells of red blood cells found in adults

A

axial skeleton - skull, ribs, spine, pelvis and long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where are the precursor cells of red blood cells found in children

A

all bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where are the precursor cells of red blood cells found in utero

A

yolk sac, then liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does it mean if precursor cells are found in blood

A

it is a sign of leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do hormonal growth factors do

A

stimulate precursor stem cells to proliferate and differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the hormonal growth factor for red blood cells and where is it made

A

Epo/ Erythropoietin

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the hormonal growth factor for white blood cells

A

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why do red blood cells have a short lifespan

A
  • simple cells
  • with no nucleus or
    mitochondria
  • so can’t repair themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what causes the oxygen disassociation curve to shift to right

A

when pH is decreased
OR
when temperature is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what causes the oxygen disassociation curve to shift to left

A

when pH is increased
OR
when temperature is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do you call a young red blood cell

A

reticulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do red blood cells consist of

A
  1. membrane to enclose Haemoglobin, otherwise the haemoglobin would
    clog up the kidneys if allowed into the blood on its own
  2. enzymes of glycolysis
  3. Haemoglobin - to carry oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

role of haemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues, where it transfers oxygen to myoglobin in
muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

structure of haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains and 4 haem groups -
has an overall quaternary structures - due to the combination of more than two tertiary structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how does oxygen bind to haem

A

oxygen binds to the Fe 2+ in haem
REVERSIBLY

SO

each haemoglobin molecule can carry up to four oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why is haemoglobin an allosteric protein

A

because the binding of oxygen to one haem group increases the oxygen affinity within the remaining haem groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when were red blood cells discovered

A

1658

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

function of red blood cells

A

carry oxygen to tissues

remove carbon dioxide from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

size of red blood cells

A

6.2-8.2 x 2 - 2.5 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what causes anaemia

A

reduction of red blood cells or haemoglobin concentration in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

causes of anaemia

A
  • impaired production
  • increased haemolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the normal haemoglobin level

A

12.5 - 15.5 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what causes polycythaemia

A

increase of haemoglobin in blood

42
Q

causes of polycythaemia

A

smoking, lung diseases, inefficient lungs

meaning less O2 is exchanged so more haemoglobin is required

43
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A

tiredness
lethargy
malaise
reduced exercise tolerance
shortness of breath on exertion
angina

44
Q

what are the signs to look for in anaemia

A

Palor
pale mucus membranes and palmar creases (pink hands)
glossitis
(sore tongue)
angular stomatitis ( cracking at corners of mouth)
kylonychia (caused
by the iron deficiency - spoon shaped nails)

45
Q

what are the different classifications of anaemia

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • B12/folate deficiency
  • anaemia of chronic disorder
  • haemolysis
  • bone marrow failure/infiltration
46
Q

what is iron deficiency anaemia

A

iron is needed for haemoglobin production,

lack of iron results in the reduced production of small red cells

causes low haemoglobin and MCV < 80 fl

47
Q

what is the size of red blood cells in iron deficiency anaemia

A

less than 80 fl

48
Q

how do you measure red cell size

A

MCV (mean cell volume), normal = 82 - 96 fl

49
Q

causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Bleeding:
* Occult gastrointestinal: can affect anyone, most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia
* Menorrhagia (heavy periods): Occurs in premenopausal women only or those
who’ve have repeated child birth

  • Dietary:
  • Not getting enough iron in diet, in the UK the cause is never diet
  • Worldwide the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia is diet
50
Q

what is macrocytic anaemia

A

a blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow produces abnormally large red blood cells.

the red blood cells are = > 100 fl

51
Q

what is macrocytic anaemia

A

a blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow produces abnormally large red blood cells.

52
Q

what is the size of red blood cells in macrocytosis anaemia

A

bigger than 100 fl

53
Q

can macrocytosis occur without anaemia

A

yes

there will be a raised MCV but normal
haemoglobin levels

can be caused by liver disease, alcohol and hypothyroidism

54
Q

what causes macrocytic anaemia

A

a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate

  1. VITAMIN B12 & FOLATE ARE NEEDED FOR DNA SYNTHESIS
  2. so with a B12 & folate deficiency red blood cells cannot by made in the bone marrow and thus less are released = ANAEMIA.
  3. This deficiency will affect all dividing cells, but bone marrow is most active so is affected first
55
Q

causes of B12 deficiency

A
  1. damaged stomach affecting intrinsic factor
  2. an autoimmune disease called pernicious anaemia
56
Q

how does damaged stomach affecting intrinsic factor cause B12 deficienc

A
  1. In the terminal ileum(last part of the small intestine) B12 absorption occurs
  2. however intrinsic factor PRODUCED
    BY THE GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS IN THE STOMACH is required for absorption to occur since B12 binds to intrinsic factor and is THEN absorbed.
  3. Thus if the stomach is damaged can result in less parietal cells
  4. thus less intrinsic factor
  5. thus less B12 absorbed thus anaemia
57
Q

what is intrinsic factor

A

a protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12.
It is made by cells in the stomach lining

58
Q

how does pernicious anaemia cause B12 deficiency

A
  1. causes the antibodies to be made against gastric parietal cells meaning less intrinsic factor can be produced
  2. so there is B12 malabsorption and thus ANAEMIA.
  3. However the liver has a vast store of B12 which can last 4 years, thus pernicious anaemia has a slow onset
59
Q

where is folate found

A

fruit and veg

60
Q

causes of folate deficiency

A

malabsorption - eg due to celiac disease

dietary - not eating enough fruit and veg

anything that results in increased cell
division can cause a folate deficiency

61
Q

what is haemolysis

A

the destruction or rupture of red blood cells before their 120 day lifespan

62
Q

what are congenital haemolytic anaemias

A

they are present from birth
can have:

  • membrane issues
  • enzyme issues
  • haemoglobin issues
63
Q

example of membrane issue congenital disease

A

SPHEROCYTOSIS

whereby blood cells are spherical, they
get stuck in vessels easily,
DOMINANT CONDITION BUT VARIABLE
PENETRANCE

64
Q

example of enzyme issue congenital disease

A

PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY

enzyme required to convert
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate is deficient
resulting is less ATP production and
also a build up of phosphoenolpyruvate, or G6PD DEFICIENCY

65
Q

2 examples of haemoglobin issue congenital disease

A

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA (defect in beta globin chain in haemoglobin) - whereby red blood cells are sickle shaped thus get trapped in vessels
easily

THALASSAEMIA - mutation in haemoglobin chains, beta is more common in india + Pakistan whereas alpha is more common in east e.g. Thailand

66
Q

2 examples of haemoglobin issue congenital disease

A

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA (defect in beta globin chain in haemoglobin) - whereby red blood cells are sickle shaped thus get trapped in vessels
easily

THALASSAEMIA - mutation in haemoglobin chains, beta is more common in india + Pakistan whereas alpha is more common in east e.g. Thailand

67
Q

2 examples of haemoglobin issue congenital disease

A

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA (defect in beta globin chain in haemoglobin) - whereby red blood cells are sickle shaped thus get trapped in vessels
easily

THALASSAEMIA - mutation in haemoglobin chains, beta is more common in india + Pakistan whereas alpha is more common in east e.g. Thailand

68
Q

what are acquired haemolytic anaemias

A
  • autoimmune
  • mechanical
  • pregnancy
69
Q

what causes autoimmune-acquired haemolytic anaemias

A

immune system attacks own red blood cells, can be triggered by a
blood transfusion due to the presence of foreign antibodies

70
Q

what causes mechanical acquired haemolytic anaemias

A

fragmentation of red blood cells by mechanical heart valve
or
intravascular thrombosis in DIC (disseminate intravascular coagulation)

71
Q

what causes acquired haemolytic anaemias in pregnancy

A

HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FOETUS & NEWBORN [HDFN]:

  1. Mother has Rhesus NEGATIVE blood (RhD negative) and baby has Rhesus
    POSITIVE blood (RhD positive).
  2. When mothers blood is exposed to babies blood in pregnancy for example, mothers immune system recognises foreign Rhesus positive blood and begins making antibodies against babies blood - 3. FIRST baby is unaffected since it takes time for antibodies to be produced, the mother is said to be SENSITISED to Rhesus positive blood
  3. However, if mothers second baby also has RhD positive blood, then when mothers blood is exposed to babies, antibodies are produced IMMEDIATELY and begin DESTROYING BABIES RED BLOOD CELLS
  4. resulting in HAEMOLYSIS OF
    FOETUS/NEWBORN = ANAEMIA AND JAUNDICE.
  5. Whilst mother is carrying the
    baby, her antibodies can cross to baby via the placenta and begin attacking -
    THIS IS KNOWN AS RHESUS DISEASE
72
Q

another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

73
Q

where are leukocytes found

A

blood and lymph tissue

74
Q

describe the divination of white blood cells

A

leukocytes –> agranulocytes & granulocytes

agranulocytes –> monocytes & lymphocytes

granulocytes –> basophils & eosinophils & neutrophils

75
Q

what are granulocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that has small granules.

These granules contain proteins.

3 types:
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

76
Q

what are white blood cells produced from

A

from immature precursor cells in the bone marrow which are derived
from stem cells.

77
Q

rate of production of white blood cells

A

Rate of production is under hormonal control of G-CSF

78
Q

what are neutrophils

A

most numerous white cell

act as first line of defence during acute inflammation

do phagocytosis

79
Q

what do neutrophils do

A
  • Phagocytose & kill bacteria
  • Release chemotaxins (signal more white blood cells to come to site) and cytokines -important in inflammatory response
  • Lack of number or function results in recurrent bacterial infections
80
Q

what do eosinophils do

A
  • combats parasite infections
  • neutralises histamine
81
Q

what do basophils do

A
  • responsible for anaphylaxis
  • produces histamine
82
Q

what are agranulocytes

A

white blood cells that have no distinct granules in their cytoplasm

2 types:
monocytes & lymphocytes

83
Q

what do monocytes do

A

largest WBC

when in blood they exist as monocytes

when in tissue they differentiate into macrophages and carry out phagocytosis of foreign material

84
Q

4 examples of monocytes

A
  • Kupffer cells (Liver)
  • Microglial cells (CNS)
  • Alveolar macrophages (Lungs)
  • Tissue macrophages (everywhere)
85
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

3 types
- B cells
- T cells
- natural killer cells

they are vital to immunity

  • Some generate antibodies against specific foreign antigens e.g bacteria & viruses
  • Others are immunological memory - which generates immunity and allows
    vaccination
86
Q

what are B lymphocytes

A

named after Bone marrow, made in bone marrow - stored in secondary lymphoid organs

differentiate into plasma cells and produced immunoglobulins (antibodies) when stimulated by exposure to foreign antigen

87
Q

what are T lymphocytes

A

made in bone marrow - MATURE in thymus, some are helper
cells (CD4, help B cells in antibody generation, responsible for cellular or cell
mediated immunity), some are cytotoxic cells (CD8)

88
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

kill virus-infected cells

89
Q

what is acute leukaemia

A

Proliferation (rapid increase) of primitive precursor cells usually found in bone
marrow - too many white cells

proliferation WITHOUT differentiation, replaces NORMAL BONE MARROW CELLS - resulting in anaemia (palor and lethargy), neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

THE PRESENCE OF PRIMITIVE WHITE PRECURSOR CELLS
IN THE BLOOD IS A SIGN OF acute leukaemia

90
Q

what is neutropenia

A

when you dont have enough neutrophils in blood

91
Q

what is thrombocytopenia:

A

when you dont have enough platelets in blood - leads to excessive bleeding

92
Q

what is - Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML):

A

Malignant proliferation of the precursor
myeloblasts (unipotent stem cells) in the bone marrow, disease primarily affects
adults - 50% survive 5 years

93
Q

what is - Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL):

A

Malignant proliferation of the lymphoblast
precursor cells in the bone marrow, disease primarily affects children - 80% cured

94
Q

what is High grade lymphoma

A

( lymphocytes in lymph nodes becoming malignant, very
similar to leukaemia): Classified as Hodgkins disease and Non-Hodgkins
lymphoma (NHL), disease usually of the lymph nodes that spreads to the
liver,spleen, bone marrow and blood

95
Q

what is innate immunity

A

body’s first line of defence against pathogens. It is general and non-specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of pathogens

96
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated

97
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

secrete antigen specific antibodies that defend against extracellular pathogens

primarily driven by B cells

98
Q

what is cell mediated immunity

A

primarily driven by mature T cells, macrophages and the release of cytokines in response to an antigen

defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant tissues

99
Q

what is another name for a red blood cell

A

erythrocyte

100
Q

impact of RBC bioconcave shape

A

increased SA –> better gas exchange

101
Q

impact of RBC being anucleate

A

more room for haemoglobin

cardiovascular lectures (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions