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cardiovascular lectures > blood types and transfusions > Flashcards

blood types and transfusions Flashcards

1
Q

what did James Blundell do

A

he was the first person to transfuse blood from one human to another in 1667

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2
Q

what did Jean Denis do

A

transfused blood from animals to humans in 1666

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3
Q

what did Karl Landsteiner do

A

discovered ABO blood groups

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4
Q

how are blood groups classified

A

based on the presence of specific antigens and antibodies

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5
Q

what are the 4 major types of blood groups

A

A - more common than B

B

AB - most rare

O - most common

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6
Q

what is the rarest blood group

A

AB

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7
Q

what is the most common blood group

A

O

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8
Q

is blood group A more common or blood group B

A

A

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9
Q

what determines your blood group

A

the synthesis of genes for the A antigen or B antigen

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10
Q

what do people who have neither the gene that results in the synthesis of A antigen OR B antigen

A

O-type erythrocytes.

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11
Q

what antibodies do type A people have

A

Type A individuals always have anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
A ANTIGEN IS CO-DOMINANT

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12
Q

what antibodies do type B people have

A

Type B individuals always have anti-A antibodies in their plasma.
B ANTIGEN IS CO-DOMINANT

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13
Q

what antibodies do type AB people have

A

neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma,

has A + B antigens on surface of red blood cells - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

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14
Q

what antibodies do type O people have

A

have both anti-A & anti-B antibodies ( has no A or B antigens) in their
plasma [type O is a UNIVERSAL DONOR since don’t have A or B antigens on
surface of red blood cell]. O antigen is RECESSIVE

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15
Q

what antibodies do type O people have

A

have both anti-A & anti-B antibodies ( has no A or B antigens) in their
plasma [type O is a UNIVERSAL DONOR since don’t have A or B antigens on
surface of red blood cell]. O antigen is RECESSIVE

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16
Q

which blood group is regarded as the universal donor and why

A

O

because it does not contain any antigens

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17
Q

which blood group is regarded as the universal recipient and why

A

AB

because it does not contain any antibodies

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18
Q

what should you look at when focusing on the recipient

A

their antibody

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19
Q

what should you look at when focusing on the donor

A

their anitgen

20
Q

what would happen is a type A person was transfused type B blood

A

1) the anti-B antibodies in the
recipients blood would attack the transfused blood

and

2) the anti-A antibodies in the
donor blood would attack the recipients blood HOWEVER this is usually of little
consequence since the the transfused antibodies become so diluted in the
recipients plasma that they are ineffective at inducing a response - it is the
destruction of the TRANSFUSED cells by the recipients antibodies that produces
problems

21
Q

what are rhesus antigens

A

transmembrane proteins expressed at the surface of erythrocytes. They appear to be used for the transport of CO2 and/or ammonia across the plasma membrane.

22
Q

what are the 5 main rhesus antigens

A

5 main Rh antigens on red cells – C, c, D, E, e. The most important of these is the Rh D.

23
Q

why is rhesus D most important

A

Having the D antigen on the red cell gives you the positive (+) and lacking it gives you the negative (-) after the letter A, B, AB or O.

24
Q

what does Rh+ mean

A

contains D-antigen, no antibodies

can receive from both Rh+ and Rh-

only donates to Rh+

25
Q

what does Rh- mean

A

contains no antigens, and anti-D antibodies

can donate to both Rh- and Rh+

only receives from Rh-

26
Q

what are anti D antibodies

A

Unlike anti-A and anti-B, these are not naturally occurring

An Rh- individual will only produce anti-D antibodies when exposed to Rh+ blood

27
Q

how are ABO antigens inherited

A

in a mendelian pattern

each group has a 25% chance of production

28
Q

at what ages can you donate blood

A

17-65

29
Q

what does questionnaire for donors do

A

highlights those at risk of infectious or transmissible illnesses

takes health, lifestyle, travel, medical history, medications

makes sure body weight is above 50kg

test for anaemia in certain patients

30
Q

what can cause temporary exclusion from donating blood

A

travel
tattoos
lifestyle

31
Q

what can cause permanent exclusion from donating blood

A

certain infectious diseases
ever received a blood transfusion or organ/tissue transplant since 1980
notified at risk of vCJD

32
Q

what are the 2 types of donations

A
  1. whole blood
  2. apheresis - blood is removed and separated externally and then the components not needed are returned
33
Q

what are homologous transfusions

A

involves someone collecting and infusing the blood of a compatible donor into him/herself

(emergency)

34
Q

what are autologous tranfusions

A

the collection of blood from a single patient and retransfusion back to the same patient when required

35
Q

what are the mandatory tests on donations

A

Hep B
HIV
Hep C
Syphylis
Human T cell lymphotropic virus
Groups and antibodies

36
Q

what are the non-mandatory tests on donations

A

CMV
Malaria
West Nile Virus
Trypanosoma

37
Q

how are red cells stored

A

at 4 degrees
shelf life of 35 days
some units will be irradiated - to eliminate the risk of transfusion-associated graft vs host disease

38
Q

how are platelets stored

A

at 22 degrees with continuous agitation
7-day shelf life if they are monitored for bacterial contamination

39
Q

is plasma from female donors kept

A

no
only male donors
and patients born after 1996

40
Q

how to ensure safe delivery of blood

A

patient identification
2 sample rule
hand written patient details
blood selected and serologicaly cross matched

41
Q

what are the most common patient identification errors

A

wrong blood in the wrong tube
lab errors (less common)

42
Q

what mistakes can happen when delivering blood

A

blood transfusions delayed
too much blood transfused

43
Q

what causes TRALI (transfusion related lung injury)

A

AB in donor blood reacting with recipient pulmonary endothelium/neutrophils
inflammatory cells cause plasma to leak into alveolar spaces
symptoms
- SOB
- cough productive of frothy sputum
- hypotension
- fevers

44
Q

what causes TACO (transfusion-associated circulatory overload

A

acute or worsening pulmonary oedema within 6 hours of transfusion
one of the most common adverse risks of trasfusion
older patients more at risk
symptoms:
- respiratory distress
- evidence of positive fluid balance
- raised blood pressure
careful assessment of transfusion need and limiting amount can help to avoid

45
Q

what causes bacterial contamination

A

more often with platelets
occurs very soon after transfusion started
symptoms:
- fevers and rigors
- hypotension
- shock
inspection of the unit may show abnormal coloration/ cloudiness

46
Q

what causes haemolytic reactions

A

most serious ABO incompatibility

  1. rapid intravascular haemolysis
  2. cytokine release
  3. acute renal failure and shock
  4. disseminated intravascular coagulation
  5. can be rapidly fata
47
Q

what is cross matching

A

-test to see if the donor’s blood is safe for the recipient

-recipient serum is mixed with the donor’s blood

-if blood is not safe –> transfusion reaction (rejection)

cardiovascular lectures (15 decks)

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