Structure Of The Skeleton Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the long bone made out of and what is the main function of it
-Compact bone on the Diaphysis
-Cancellous bone on the proximal epiphysis
-They are longer than they are wide
- acts as levers for movement
- mostly limb bones
What are the 2 types of bone tissue
Compact bone
- strong
- good at transmitting force in one direction
Cancellous bone
- light
- shock absorbing
- resist and Chanel’s forces that come from multiple directions
- less strong
What are Short bones and what is short bones mostly for
- close to equal width and length
- mostly cancellous bone
- weight bearing ( from multiple directions )
What is the function of Flat bones
- function usually for muscle attachment
- protection ( on the skull sternum )
- thin plates of compact bone
What are Irregular bones
- bones that don’t seem to fit into any other category
- often have holes
- not flat
- not round shape
What is the Axial skeleton and what bones is normally here
is the things in the trunk, so the skull, sternum, ribs, coccyx (talebone) they are mostly flat bons as it is into protecting our vital orgins
What is the Appendicular skeleton and what are the bones likely found
There are the bones that are normally on your upper and lower limb, Bones that are most important for movement, in this case, most likely lone bones
In the skull - axial skeleton, what are the bones that protect your brain and the bones that protect your sensory organs
There are 2 tyoes of bones, the ones that protect your brain and the ones that holds your sencory orgins
protact your brain: Cranuim Vault bones, they are all flat bones as they are here for protection and the main cause of it is to enclose the brain and allso allow muscle attahment
protect and support sensory orgins: Facial bones, some are flat but most are irrigular bones , they are there to protect the snsory orgins
Axial skeleton- function of the vertebral column and what are the divisions
this is protecin in the back
This keep the trunk upright, its a support role, lots of muscle and ligament sttachemrnts and it supports the head ( being able to look around you )
there are divisons in the vertebral:
- cervical ( 7) This mostly supports your head
- Thoracic (12 ) middle
- Lumber (5) taking all the weight of the body
- Scum and Coccyx, they are fused vertebral
Axial Skeleton, RIB CAGE
Rib cage and sternum is protecting in the from the front the ribs that are attaced to the vertibral, thre are 12 ribs on each side and in the front of those ribs are oticulating ribs or joining onto our sternim, not all join to the sternum so you have 2 vertibral at the bottom that just float but the top 10 all attach on by a cartalage
Appendicular skeleton - upper limb and lower limb, what are the bones
Limbs, the differnt regions, basc structure of the upper and lower limb are basicllay the same, both have a single proximal long bone, Humerus for the upper body and Femur for the bottom part of the body
And at the bottom there are 2 distal long bones, on the forearm there are 2 bones, the Ulna and the radius and the botom limb is the Tubia and Fibula.
How are the shapes of the upper limb and lower limb different
SHAPES OF THE UPPER LIMB AND LOWER LIMB ARE DIFFRNT.
Upper limb -
- the humerus on the upper limb is more shorter and lighter and not that chucky as it is not taking weight and is not responsibe for having long strides. It is also not that stable in the sholder joints as it can move awhole lot, so the movement that you have on your sholders is way more than the movement that you have on your femer, this is because in
The lower limb the aticulation or the joint between the hip and the femerr is really deep, its a fallen socket joint that really encloses aroun the head of the femer, thereofre limiting the stabilty of the lower limb
How are the upper limb and lower limb different, give an example
so for example the humerus on the upper limb is more shorter and lighter and not that chucky as it is not taking weight and is not responsibe for having long strides. It is also not that stable in the sholder joints as it can move awhole lot, so the movement that you have on your sholders is way more than the movement that you have on your femer, this is because the aticulation or the joint between the hip and the femerr is really deep, its a fallen socket joint that really encloses aroun the head of the femer, thereofre limiting the stabilty of the lower limb
Distal parts of the limbs, so in the forearm it is really mobile for example pronation and supernation can happen, and there is also a wider surface which allows roation on the wrist compared to if you were talking about the ankle.
on the lower limb there is an ankle joint in the bottom that encloses on top of our foot its a really tight inticulation making our ankle joint nice and stable, its got support on both sides which limit the amount our foot can move, unlike the wrist it doesnt have many limitations
The main weight bearing bone on the lower limb in th distal portionn is really chunky this is so it can hold the weight and hold the body
Bones on the hands
Carpals - these are the short bones/ little bones ( 8 )
Metacarpals - long bones ( 5 )
Phaloges, long bones ( 14 and 2 on thumb )
Bones on foot
- Tarsals ( 7 )
- Metatarsals ( 5 )
- Phalanges ( 14 )
How do this limbs attach to the skeleton
Girdle
What is the Pectoral girdle
Bones that connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton
- made of 2 bones
- Clavicle - stabaliser for our sholder blades
- Scapula - its joining thr upper limb and its free moving which means its really moble
What is the Pelvic girdle
This is the hip bones that attach the lower limb to our body
There are 2 hip bones and they join in the middle
-in between the 2 hipbones
- Sacrum which is part of the axiial skeleton
- Pelvic bones and the sacrum forms a bowl shaped structure called the pelvis
- PELVIS: lots of weight, all of the wreight of the upper body makes its way into the pelvis ha to be delt with to be transmitted down
What is the bones that the pelvis is made up of
3 separate bones
- ilium
- pubis
- ischium
These all fuse together to form one hip bone
What are the differences in pelvis between male and female
- pelvic cavity of biological females are more circular
- pelvic outlet more open in biological females, this is so that child birth is able to occur
What is the function of the sutures
you are unable to move the differnt parts of the skull independly to one another so theres join at unmovable joints called sutures, these are lines that you see all throuhg the skull. SUTURES ARE THE LEST MOVABLE JOINT THAT YOU CAN GET IN THE BODY
What abduction do humans hands show in comparison to lower limbs
Precision and manipulation of the environment
What is the function of the pectoral girdle
Stabilising the shoulder joints
What bone forms the free moving part of the pectoral girdle and serves as a point of attachment for several muscles
Scapula
What part of the appendicular skeleton is responsible for attaching the upper limb to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle
What distinguishes the structure of the foot from the hand
The number of tarsal bones
Which bone forms the point of attraction between the forearm and the hand
Radius
Which part of the upper limb is formed by a single proximal long bone and 2 distal bones
Forearm
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human vertebral column
7
What bone forms the anterior part of the coxal bone in the pelvic girdle
Pubis
Which bone forms the point of articulation between the thigh bone and the hip bone
Femur
What distinguishes the structure of the lower limb from the upper limb
Different attachment sites for muscles
What are 2 main regions of the limb structure
Arm and leg
What does Cranium Vault bones do
protact your brain: Cranuim Vault bones, they are all flat bones as they are here for protection and the main cause of it is to enclose the brain and allso allow muscle attahment
What is the difference in bones in the upper limb and lower limb
because we use our upper limbs really differnt from the lower limbs, the upper limb bone are much more mobile that the lower limb bone and they look a bit differnt because of that
What bone forms the posterior part of the coxal bone in the pubic girdle
Ischium
