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Hubs191 > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of an organism’s defense system (immune system) in health and disease.

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2
Q

The immune system is composed of:

A

Organs (eg spleen)
Cells (eg T cells)
Molecules (eg antibodies)

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3
Q

What is the immune system?

A

An organised system of organs, cells and molecules that interact together to defend the body against disease (eg pathogenic microorganisms and cancer).

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4
Q

Examples of diseases affected by the immune response: Infectious Diseases

A
  • HIV/AIDS
    • Tuberculosis
    • Influenza
    • Malaria
    • SARS-CoV-2
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5
Q

Examples of diseases affected by the immune response: Inflammatory Diseases

A
  • Arthritis/Rheumatism
    • Allergy/Asthma
    • Lupus
    • Diabetes
    • Crohn’s Disease/ Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    • Multiple sclerosis
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6
Q

Is cancer an example of diseases affected by immune system

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are microbes?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa

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8
Q

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Name from smallest to largest nm

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa

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9
Q

What are pathogens

A

microbes

(disease-causing)

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10
Q

Name the Organs of the immune system

A

Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes

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11
Q

Explain to me the Primary and secondary lymphoid organs

A

Primary: production of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Secondary: sites where immune responses are initiated

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12
Q

Primary lymphoid organs in depth

A

Thymus
• ‘school’ for white blood cells called T cells
• developing T cells learn not to react to self

Bone marrow
• Source of stem cells that develop into cells of the ‘innate’ and ‘adaptive’ immune response

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13
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
- Located along lymphatic vessels
• Lymph fluid from blood and tissue is filtered
Site of initiation of immune responses

Spleen
• site of initiation for immune responses against blood-borne pathogens

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14
Q

The medieval castle as a model for the immune system: 3 layers of defense

A

1= chemical and physical barriers
2= innate ‘arm’
3= adaptive ‘arm’

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15
Q

Physical and chemical barriers

A

Skin and mucosal surfaces

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16
Q

Physical Barrier: The Skin

A

Epidermis:
Dead cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells

Dermis:
Thick layer of connective tissue, collagen and blood vessels and phagocytic immune cells

In between those 2 there are dendritic cell (immune cells)

17
Q

Chemical defenses of the skin

A
  • Antimicrobial peptides e.g. skin ‘defensins’ - forms pores in
    microbial cell membranes
    • Lysozyme: breaks down bacterial cell walls
    • Sebum: low pH
  • Salt: hypertonic
18
Q

What is the Mucous Membranes

A
  • 1-2 layers
    • Epithelium: tightly packed live cells, constantly renewed, mucus-producing goblet cells
19
Q

Where are the Mucosal Membranes

A

Ocular
Respiratory
Oral
Urogenital/Rectal

Mucosal membranes line parts of the body that lead to the outside and are exposed to air

20
Q

The mucociliary escalator

A

The mucociliary escalator consists of:

Dust particle
Mucus
Cilia
Goblet cell
Columnar cell
Mucous gland
Basement membrane

Cilia move mUcUs up to the pharynx

21
Q

Chemical defenses of mucosal surfaces

A
  • Stomach - low pH
    • Gall bladder - bile
    • Intestine - dgestive enzymes
  • MUCUs
    • Defensins
    • Lysozyme (tears, urine)
22
Q

Skin: Number of cell layers

A

Many

23
Q

Tightly packed cells? Skin

A

Yes

24
Q

Cells dead or alive? Skin

A

Outer layers dead; inner layers alive

25
Q

Mucus present? Skin

A

No

26
Q

Lysozyme and defensins present? Skin

A

Yes

27
Q

Sebum present? Skin

A

Yes

28
Q

Cilia present? Skin

A

No

29
Q

Number of cell layers Mucous membranes

A

1 to a few

30
Q

Mucous membranes Tightly packed cells?

A

Yes

31
Q

Cells dead or alive? M

A

Alive

32
Q

Mucus present? M

A

Yes

33
Q

Lysozyme and defensins present?

A

In some cases

34
Q

Sebum? Mocous

A

No

35
Q

Cilia present? M

A

In trachea and uterine tubes

36
Q

Two intertwined ‘arms’ of the immune system

A

Surface barriers
• Skin
• Mucous membranes

Internal defenses
• Phagocytes
• Natural killer cells
• Inflammation
• Antimicrobial proteins
• Fever
This is the Innate defences

Humoral immunity
• B cells
Cellular immunity
• T cells
This is the Adaptive defenses

37
Q

Innate immunity

A

• Already in place
• Rapid (hours)
• Fixed
• Limited specificities
• Has no specific memory

38
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

• Improves during the response
• Slow (days → weeks)
• Variable
• Highly specific
• Has long-term specific memory

Hubs191 (26 decks)

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