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Physiology 2: neuro > Structure of the Nervous System (Cranial nerves) > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System (Cranial nerves) Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Nerves that are conducting information to a location

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2
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer the front

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3
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

A fine, delicate membrane, the middle one of the three membranes or meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura mater and the pia mater.

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4
Q

Brain

A

An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.

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5
Q

Brain stem

A

The central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downwards to form the spinal cord.

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6
Q

Caudal

A

At or near the tail or the posterior part of the body

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7
Q

Central nervous system

A

The complex of nerve tissues that control the activities of the body. In vertebrates, it comprises the brain and spinal cord.

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity.

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The clear watery fluid which fills the brains ventricles and the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

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10
Q

Cerebrum

A

The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure.

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11
Q

Choroid plexus

A

A network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain, producing the cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Contralateral

A

Relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

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13
Q

Coronal

A

Relating to the crown of the head

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14
Q

Cranial nerve

A

Each of twelve pairs of nerves which arise directly from the brain, not from the spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull.

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15
Q

Dorsal

A

On or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

The tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

Efferent

A

Nerves that are conducting information from a location

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body

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19
Q

Lateral

A

Of, at, towards, or from the side

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

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21
Q

Medial

A

Situated in the middle

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22
Q

Meninges

A

The three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

Midline

A

A median line or plane of bilateral symmetry, especially that of the body.

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24
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

The median vertical longitudinal plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left halves — called also median plane.

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25
Q

Pia mater

A

The delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

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26
Q

Posterior

A

Further back in position

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27
Q

Rostral

A

Situated or occurring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth

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28
Q

Sagittal

A

Relating to the suture on top of the skull which runs between the parietal bones in a front to back direction.

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29
Q

Spinal cord

A

The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibres and associated tissue which is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system

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30
Q

Ventral

A

On or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal

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31
Q

Ventricular system

A

A set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain

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32
Q

Human nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

33
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • Somatic nervous system

- Autonomic nervous system

34
Q

Fundamental life processes

A
  • Breathing
  • Organ function
  • Movement
35
Q

Complex processes

A
  • Thought
  • Behaviour and emotion
  • Creating memories
36
Q

Forebrain

A 
o	Telencephalon (or cerebrum) 
o	Diencephalon
37
Q

Brainstem

A

o Midbrain
o Pons
o Medulla oblongata

38
Q

Major brain regions

A

Forebrain
Brainstem
Cerebellum

39
Q

Anterior-posterior

A

o Anterior = Front

o Posterior = behind

40
Q

Rostral - caudal

A

o Rostral = ‘Nose’

o Caudal = ‘Tail’

41
Q

Dorsal-ventral

A

o Dorsal = top

o Ventral = bottom

42
Q

Superior-inferior

A

o Superior = above

o Inferior = below

43
Q

Coronal

A

o Divide the brain into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section

44
Q

Horizontal

A

o Divide the brain into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section

45
Q

Sagittal

A

o Divide the brain into two hemispheres

o Further characterized as midsagittal (midline) or parasagittal (more lateral)

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

The hippocampus (derived from the Greek for “seahorse”) is a region of the cerebral cortex embedded deep within the temporal lobe.

47
Q

Function of hippocampus

A
  • Learning
  • Memory formation and retrieval
  • Regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
48
Q

Coronal sections

A

Coronal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures (e.g. the hippocampus

49
Q

Horizontal sections

A

Horizontal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures (e.g. the hippocampus)

50
Q

Sagittal sections

A

Sagittal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures (e.g. the hippocampus)

51
Q

Cranial nerves 1

A

Olfactory

Special sensory – the sensation of smell

52
Q

Cranial nerves 2

A

Optic

Special sensory – the sensation of vision

53
Q

Cranial nerves 3

A

Oculomotor
Somatic motor – eye and eyelid movement
Visceral (autonomic) motor – parasympathetic control of pupil size

54
Q

Cranial nerves 4

A

Trochlear

Somatic motor – eye movement

55
Q

Cranial nerves 5

A

Trigeminal
Somatic sensory – the sensation of touch to the face
Somatic motor – a movement of muscles of mastication (chewing)

56
Q

Cranial nerves 6

A

Abducens

Somatic motor – eye movement

57
Q

Cranial nerves 7

A

Facial
Somatic sensory – movement of muscles of facial expressions
Special sensory – the sensation of taste in the anterior tongue

58
Q

Cranial nerves 8

A

Vestibulocochlear
Auditory – vestibular (vestibulocochlear) nerve
Special sensory – hearing and balance

59
Q

Cranial nerves 9

A

Glossopharyngeal
Special sensory – the sensation of taste in posterior tongue
Visceral sensory – detection of blood pressure changes in the aorta
Somatic motor – the movement of muscles in the throat
Visceral motor – parasympathetic control of salivary glands

60
Q

Cranial nerves 10

A

Vagus
Visceral sensory – the sensation of pain associated with viscera (internal organs)
Somatic motor – the movement of muscles in the throat
Visceral motor – parasympathetic control of heart, lungs and abdominal organs

61
Q

Cranial nerves 11

A

Spinal accessory

Somatic motor – the movement of muscles in the throat and neck

62
Q

Cranial nerves 12

A

Hypoglossal

Somatic motor – movement of the tongue (e.g. swallowing and speech)

63
Q

3 protections/ support for the brain

A

Meninges
Ventricular system
Vasculature system

64
Q

Meninges

A

The meninges describe the three membranous layers that cover the brain (and spinal cord).

65
Q

Function of meninges

A
  • Primary function is in the protection of the brain and spinal cord
  • Passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – ventricular system
  • Support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels – vasculature system
66
Q

From superficial to deep the meninges comprises of?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
67
Q

Ventricular system

A

The ventricular system comprises a series of interconnected, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled spaces that lie at the core of forebrain and brain stem.

68
Q

What makes up the ventricular system?

A
  • Lateral ventricles
  • Third ventricle
  • Fourth ventricle
69
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Responsible for producing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills these ventricular spaces

70
Q

The function of Ventricular system?

A
  • Protection of the brain (e.g. cushion for physical shocks)
  • Transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products)
  • Other functions include regulation of buoyancy
71
Q

Vasculature of the brain

A

Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain: the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.

72
Q

Anterior circulation

A

Derived from the internal carotid arteries – supplies the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)

73
Q

Posterior circulation

A

Derived from the vertebral arteries – supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord

74
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Vertebral arteries converge near the base of the pons to form the basilar artery

75
Q

Basilar artery

A

Basilar artery splits into the right and left superior cerebellar arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries at the level of the midbrain

76
Q

Posterior cerevral arteries

A

Posterior cerebral arteries send branches – posterior communicating arteries – that connect to the internal carotid arteries

77
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A
  • Internal carotid arteries branch to form middle cerebral arteries and the anterior cerebral arteries
  • Anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery
  • Ring of connected arteries form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain
78
Q

The function of the vasculature stem

A
  • Delivery of oxygen (O2)
  • Removal of carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products)

Physiology 2: neuro (19 decks)

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