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Physiology 2: neuro > Structure of the Nervous System (Cranial nerves) > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System (Cranial nerves) Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Nerves that are conducting information to a location

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2
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer the front

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3
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

A fine, delicate membrane, the middle one of the three membranes or meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura mater and the pia mater.

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4
Q

Brain

A

An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.

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5
Q

Brain stem

A

The central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downwards to form the spinal cord.

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6
Q

Caudal

A

At or near the tail or the posterior part of the body

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7
Q

Central nervous system

A

The complex of nerve tissues that control the activities of the body. In vertebrates, it comprises the brain and spinal cord.

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity.

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The clear watery fluid which fills the brains ventricles and the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

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10
Q

Cerebrum

A

The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure.

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11
Q

Choroid plexus

A

A network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain, producing the cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Contralateral

A

Relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

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13
Q

Coronal

A

Relating to the crown of the head

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14
Q

Cranial nerve

A

Each of twelve pairs of nerves which arise directly from the brain, not from the spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull.

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15
Q

Dorsal

A

On or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

The tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

Efferent

A

Nerves that are conducting information from a location

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body

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19
Q

Lateral

A

Of, at, towards, or from the side

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

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21
Q

Medial

A

Situated in the middle

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22
Q

Meninges

A

The three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

Midline

A

A median line or plane of bilateral symmetry, especially that of the body.

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24
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

The median vertical longitudinal plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left halves — called also median plane.

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25
Pia mater
The delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
26
Posterior
Further back in position
27
Rostral
Situated or occurring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth
28
Sagittal
Relating to the suture on top of the skull which runs between the parietal bones in a front to back direction.
29
Spinal cord
The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibres and associated tissue which is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system
30
Ventral
On or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal
31
Ventricular system
A set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain
32
Human nervous system
CNS and PNS
33
Peripheral nervous system
- Somatic nervous system | - Autonomic nervous system
34
Fundamental life processes
* Breathing * Organ function * Movement
35
Complex processes
* Thought * Behaviour and emotion * Creating memories
36
Forebrain
``` o Telencephalon (or cerebrum) o Diencephalon ```
37
Brainstem
o Midbrain o Pons o Medulla oblongata
38
Major brain regions
Forebrain Brainstem Cerebellum
39
Anterior-posterior
o Anterior = Front | o Posterior = behind
40
Rostral - caudal
o Rostral = ‘Nose’ | o Caudal = ‘Tail’
41
Dorsal-ventral
o Dorsal = top | o Ventral = bottom
42
Superior-inferior
o Superior = above | o Inferior = below
43
Coronal
o Divide the brain into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section
44
Horizontal
o Divide the brain into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section
45
Sagittal
o Divide the brain into two hemispheres | o Further characterized as midsagittal (midline) or parasagittal (more lateral)
46
Hippocampus
The hippocampus (derived from the Greek for “seahorse”) is a region of the cerebral cortex embedded deep within the temporal lobe.
47
Function of hippocampus
* Learning * Memory formation and retrieval * Regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
48
Coronal sections
Coronal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures (e.g. the hippocampus
49
Horizontal sections
Horizontal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures (e.g. the hippocampus)
50
Sagittal sections
Sagittal sections can reveal important regions within the forebrain, including various sub-cortical structures (e.g. the hippocampus)
51
Cranial nerves 1
Olfactory | Special sensory – the sensation of smell
52
Cranial nerves 2
Optic | Special sensory – the sensation of vision
53
Cranial nerves 3
Oculomotor Somatic motor – eye and eyelid movement Visceral (autonomic) motor – parasympathetic control of pupil size
54
Cranial nerves 4
Trochlear | Somatic motor – eye movement
55
Cranial nerves 5
Trigeminal Somatic sensory – the sensation of touch to the face Somatic motor – a movement of muscles of mastication (chewing)
56
Cranial nerves 6
Abducens | Somatic motor – eye movement
57
Cranial nerves 7
Facial Somatic sensory – movement of muscles of facial expressions Special sensory – the sensation of taste in the anterior tongue
58
Cranial nerves 8
Vestibulocochlear Auditory – vestibular (vestibulocochlear) nerve Special sensory – hearing and balance
59
Cranial nerves 9
Glossopharyngeal Special sensory – the sensation of taste in posterior tongue Visceral sensory – detection of blood pressure changes in the aorta Somatic motor – the movement of muscles in the throat Visceral motor – parasympathetic control of salivary glands
60
Cranial nerves 10
Vagus Visceral sensory – the sensation of pain associated with viscera (internal organs) Somatic motor – the movement of muscles in the throat Visceral motor – parasympathetic control of heart, lungs and abdominal organs
61
Cranial nerves 11
Spinal accessory | Somatic motor – the movement of muscles in the throat and neck
62
Cranial nerves 12
Hypoglossal | Somatic motor – movement of the tongue (e.g. swallowing and speech)
63
3 protections/ support for the brain
Meninges Ventricular system Vasculature system
64
Meninges
The meninges describe the three membranous layers that cover the brain (and spinal cord).
65
Function of meninges
* Primary function is in the protection of the brain and spinal cord * Passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – ventricular system * Support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels – vasculature system
66
From superficial to deep the meninges comprises of?
* Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater
67
Ventricular system
The ventricular system comprises a series of interconnected, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled spaces that lie at the core of forebrain and brain stem.
68
What makes up the ventricular system?
* Lateral ventricles * Third ventricle * Fourth ventricle
69
What is the choroid plexus?
Responsible for producing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills these ventricular spaces
70
The function of Ventricular system?
* Protection of the brain (e.g. cushion for physical shocks) * Transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products) * Other functions include regulation of buoyancy
71
Vasculature of the brain
Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain: the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
72
Anterior circulation
Derived from the internal carotid arteries – supplies the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)
73
Posterior circulation
Derived from the vertebral arteries – supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord
74
Vertebral arteries
Vertebral arteries converge near the base of the pons to form the basilar artery
75
Basilar artery
Basilar artery splits into the right and left superior cerebellar arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries at the level of the midbrain
76
Posterior cerevral arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries send branches – posterior communicating arteries – that connect to the internal carotid arteries
77
Internal carotid arteries
* Internal carotid arteries branch to form middle cerebral arteries and the anterior cerebral arteries * Anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery * Ring of connected arteries form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain
78
The function of the vasculature stem
* Delivery of oxygen (O2) * Removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) * Transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products)

Physiology 2: neuro (19 decks)

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