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Physiology 2: neuro > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Affective Neuroscience

A

Science of the investigation of neural basis of emotion and mood

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2
Q

James-Large theory

A

We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

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3
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression

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4
Q

Klüver–Bucy syndrome

A

a syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of the medial temporal lobe (including amygdaloid nucleus). Klüver–Bucy syndrome may present with compulsive eating, hypersexuality, insertion of inappropriate objects in the mouth (hyperorality), visual agnosia, and docility.

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5
Q

Limbic system

A

a group of subcortical structures (such as the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala) of the brain that are concerned especially with emotion and motivation. The primary structures within the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is considered the “emotion center” of the brain, while the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences.

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6
Q

What is emotion?

A 
•	Emotional expression
–	Animal and human studies
•	Emotional experience
–	Human studies
•	Affective Neuroscience
–	 neural basis of emotion and mood
–	(mood as an emotion  extended in time)
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7
Q

Two theories of emotion

A

James- Lange

Cannon-Bard

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8
Q

Emotions

A

Love, hate, disgust, joy, shame, envy, guilt, fear, anxiety,

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9
Q

The Cannon-Bard theory

A

emotions occur independently of emotional expression—no correlation with physiological state

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10
Q

The James–Lange theory

A

The emotion experienced in response to physiological changes in body

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11
Q

• Broca’s Limbic lobe

A 
–	Limbus (latin) means border
–	primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the brain stem	
–	the parahippocampal gyrus
–	the cingulate gyrus
–	the subcallosal gyrus
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12
Q

The limbic system

Broca’s limbic lobe

A

– Areas of brain forming a ring around corpus callosum: cingulate gyrus, medial surface temporal lobe, hippocampus

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13
Q

The Papez circuit

A

• Limbic structures, including cortex, involved in emotion
• Emotional system on the medial wall of the brain linking cortex with hypothalamus
• Cortex critical for emotional experience
• Hippocampus governs behavioral expression of emotion
– Rabies infection implicates hippocampus in emotion -> hyperemotional responses
• Anterior thalamus
– Lesions lead to spontaneous laughing or crying.

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14
Q

Limbic system parts

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Parahippocampal structures
  • Septal nuclei
  • Amygdala
  • Enthorinal cortex
  • Hippocampal complex
  • dentate gyrus
  • CA1-CA4 subfields
  • subiculum
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15
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A
  • role in complex motor control
  • pain perception
  • social interactions-mood
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16
Q

Hippocampus proper and parahippocampal areas

A

• primary function in memory (critical role in connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories)

17
Q

Amygdala

A

• involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

18
Q

Difficulties with the single emotion system concept

A
  • Diversity of emotions and brain activity
  • Many structures involved in emotion
  • No one-to-one relationship between structure and function
  • Limbic system: use of single, discrete emotion system questionable
19
Q

Emotion Theories and Neural Representations

A

• Early theories of emotion and limbic system built on introspection and inference from brain injury and disease.
• Studies of disease and consequences of lesions not ideal for revealing normal function.
• More recent theories of emotion
– Basic emotion theories
– Dimension emotion theories

20
Q

Amygdala: structure and connections

A

• Receives input from neocortex
– All lobes, including hippocampal, and cingulate gyri
• Basolateral nuclei
– Receives information from all sensory systems
• Corticomedial nuclei
• Central nuclei
• Output to hypothalamus (region involved in expression of emotion)
– Stria terminalis
– Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

21
Q

Fear

A

• Temporal lobe removal (temporal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus)
– Good visual perception but poor visual recognition
– psychic blindness
– oral tendencies
– emotional changes (reduced fear)

22
Q

Predatory aggression

A
  • Attacks made against a member of a different species, to obtain food
  • No sympathetic activity
23
Q

Affective aggression

A

• For show, threatening posture
• Social hierarchy
• High levels of sympathetic activity
– Amygdala important role in aggression related to social hierarchy

24
Q

Surgery to reduce human aggression

A 
–	Amygdalectomy
–	Psychosurgery—now the treatment of last resort
•	Results
–	Reduced aggressive behaviour
–	Relief from anxiety
–	Profound, unpleasant side effects
•	Amygdala removal 
–	Transformation from dominant to subordinate (social hierarchy, reduced aggression)
25
Q

Neural components of Anger and aggression beyond the amygdala

A

• The hypothalamus and aggression
– Removal of cerebral hemispheres (cats) but not hypothalamus -> sham rage
– Remove both cerebral hemispheres + anterior hypothalamus -> sham rage
• Also remove posterior hypothalamus -> No sham rage
• Electrical stimulation of hypothalamus leads to affective and predatory aggression

26
Q

Flynn’s research

A
  • Elicited affective aggression by stimulating medial hypothalamus
  • Predatory aggression elicited by stimulating lateral hypothalamus
27
Q

A Neural circuit for anger and aggression

A

Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function
Medial forebrain bundle -> ventral tegmental area; predatory aggression
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> periaqueductal gray matter; affective aggression

28
Q

Serotonin and aggression (primates)

A

• Serotonin deficiency hypothesis
– Aggression is inversely related to serotonergic activity.
• 5HT antagonist increase aggression
• Agonists of 5HT1A or 5HT1B decrease anxiety and aggressiveness
• In humans also, reports of negative correlation between serotonin activity and aggression

Physiology 2: neuro (19 decks)

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