Structure of the heart

Question 1

What type of blood does the right side of the heart receive?

Answer 1

deoxygenated (venous) blood

Question 2

What type of blood does the left side of the heart receive?

Answer 2

oxygenated blood

Question 3

Where does blood travel from and to?

Answer 3

Right side of heart
↓
Lungs
↓
Left side of heart
↓
Body

Question 4

What are the 2 divisions of circulation?

Answer 4

• Systemic circulation
• Pulmonary circulation

Question 5

What does systemic circulation involve?

Answer 5

Circulation of blood between the heart and body (to and from)

Question 6

What does pulmonary circulation involve?

Answer 6

Circulation of blood between the heart and lungs (to and from)

Question 7

Describe the blood pressure in the circulation systems

Answer 7

• systemic circulation = high pressure
• pulmonary circulation = low pressure

Question 8

What is our resting heart rate?

Answer 8

70 bpm

Question 9

What is our resting cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 9

5 L/min

Question 10

What is the order of layers of the heart wall (from outer to inner)?

Answer 10

(pericardium layers)
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium

Question 11

What is the pericardium?

Answer 11

Layers of cells surrounding the heart like a sack

Question 12

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

Answer 12

• fibrous pericardium
• serous pericardium

Question 13

What is the fibrous pericardium made up of?

Answer 13

connective tissue

Question 14

What is the serous pericardium made up of?

Answer 14

2 layers of epithelial cells with a gap in the middle called the pericardial cavity.

parietal layer
━━━━━━
cavity
━━━━━━
epicardium (aka visceral layer)

Question 15

What 2 epithelial surfaces does the serous pericardium consist of?

Answer 15

• parietal pericardium
• visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Question 16

What order do the layers in the serous pericardium come?

Answer 16

parietal pericardium
━━━━━━━━━━
pericardial cavity
━━━━━━━━━━
visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Question 17

What is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 17

Fluid that fills the gap between the 2 serous pericardium layers.
- Acts as a lubricant

Question 18

What is the myocardium?

Answer 18

• cardiac muscle tissue
• thickest and muscular layer of the heart

Question 19

What is the endocardium?

Answer 19

• inner surface of heart
• in contact with blood

Question 20

What are the 2 layers of the endocardium?

Answer 20

• loose, connective tissue
• endothelium (innermost layer surrounding heart)

Question 21

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 21

Major vein that brings blood back to the heart from the body.

Question 22

What are the 2 types of vena cavas?

Answer 22

• inferior
• superior

Question 23

What does the inferior vena cava do?

Answer 23

Brings venous blood from the lower part of the body to the right side of the heart.

Question 24

What does the superior vena cava do?

Answer 24

Brings venous blood from the upper regions of the body to the right side of the heart.

Question 25

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Answer 25

Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of heart to the lungs

Question 26

What do the pulmonary veins do?

Answer 26

Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.

Question 27

What is the aorta?

Answer 27

(Aortic arch) - big artery above the heart and pulmonary arteries - sends oxygenated blood to the brain and body

Question 28

What is the interventricular septum?

Answer 28

Division between the right and left side of the heart.

Question 29

What are the valves located under the left and right atrium?

Answer 29

- left: mitral (atrioventricular) & aortic valve - right: tricuspid (atrioventricular) & pulmonary valve

Question 30

What surrounds the valves?

Answer 30

Fibrous skeleton of the heart - tough, connective tissue

Question 31

What insulation does the fibrous skeleton provide?

Answer 31

Electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

Question 32

What is the coronary circulation?

Answer 32

Blood circulation to the heart

Question 33

What is the arterial supply?

Answer 33

Arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 34

What is the venous outflow/drainage?

Answer 34

Drains the venous blood back towards the heart

Question 35

What is a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

Answer 35

Coronary circulation becomes blocked due to coronary artery disease

Question 36

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 36

Plaque formation

Question 37

What is a (coronary) thrombosis?

Answer 37

Blood clot in a vein or artery

Question 38

What is an infarct?

Answer 38

Non-functional area due to degeneration of tissue (dead tissue)

Question 39

What does the size of an infarct depend on?

Answer 39

- the site of infarct - nature of the circulatory blockage

Question 40

What is the structure of the cardiac muscle?

Answer 40

- striated muscle - branched cells - intercalated discs - 1/2 nuclei in middle of cell

Question 41

What do intercalated discs consist of?

Answer 41

- fascia adherens - desmosomes - gap junctions