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Biology 1.5 Nucleic Acids > Structure Of RNA And DNA > Flashcards

Structure Of RNA And DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid.

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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3
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

Genetic information.

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4
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides.

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5
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing organic base.

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6
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

A sugar with 5 carbon atoms.

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7
Q

What are the 5 organic bases?

A

Cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine and uracil.

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8
Q

What reaction are the pentose sugar, phosphate and organic base joined by?

A

A condensation reaction.

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9
Q

What bond is formed between nucleotides?

A

A phosphodiester bond.

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10
Q

Where on the nucleotides is the phosphodiester bond formed?

A

Between the pentose sugar of one mononucleotide and the phosphate molecule on the neighbouring mononucleotide.

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11
Q

What do 2 mononucleotides bonded together make?

A

A dinucleotide.

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12
Q

What do lots of mononucleotides bonded together form?

A

A polynucleotide.

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13
Q

What is the structural difference between DNA and proteins?

A

DNA is a sequence of bases with nucleotides that form a polynucleotide, protein is a sequence of amino acids that form a polypeptide.

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14
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single, relatively short polynucleotide chain in which the pentose sugar is always ribose.

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15
Q

What are the organic bases in RNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.

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16
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.

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17
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Proteins and another type of RNA.

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18
Q

What is a third type of RNA involved in?

A

Protein synthesis.

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19
Q

Who worked out the structure of DNA in 1953?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick.

20
Q

How did James and Francis work out the structure of DNA?

A

By pioneering work by Rosalind Franklin on the x-ray diffraction patterns of DNA.

21
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose.

22
Q

What are the organic bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.

23
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Two strands of nucleotides (polynucleotides).

24
Q

What are the 2 strands of polynucleotides in DNA joined by?

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases.

25
Q

How is DNA thought of as a ladder?

A

The phosphate and deoxyribose molecules alternate to form the uprights and the organic bases pair together to form the rungs.

26
Q

What is specific is the formation of DNA?

A

Base pairing.

27
Q

What does adenine pair with in DNA?

A

Thymine.

28
Q

What does guanine pair with in DNA?

A

Cytosine.

29
Q

What is the word used to describe base pairings?

A

Complementary.

30
Q

What quantities are the same in DNA?

A

The paired bases (adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine).

31
Q

What varies form species to species in DNA?

A

The ratio of adenine and thymine to guanine and cytosine.

32
Q

What forms the structural backbone of the DNA molecule?

A

The wounded deoxyribose and phosphate.

33
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A double helix.

34
Q

Why is DNA a stable molecule?

A

The phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive organic bases inside the double helix, and hydrogen bonds link the organic base pairs forming rungs between the phosphodiester uprights.

35
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

A

2

36
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine?

A

3

37
Q

What makes DNA more stable and why?

A

Lots of cytosine-guanine pairings because they form 3 hydrogen bonds.

38
Q

What also helps to hold the DNA molecule together?

A

Base stacking.

39
Q

What is DNA responsible for?

A

Passing genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation.

40
Q

What provides the genetic diversity within living organisms?

A

The infinite variety of sequences of bases.

41
Q

What is a benefit of DNAs very stable structure?

A

It gets passed from generation to generation, meaning mutations are rare as most are repaired.

42
Q

What is an advantage of strands being joined by hydrogen bonds in DNA?

A

They can separate during DNA replication and protein synthesis.

43
Q

What is an advantage of DNA being a large molecule?

A

It can carry an immense amount of genetic information.

44
Q

What is an advantage of having the base pairs within the helical cylinder of the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone?

A

The genetic information is some what protected from being corrupted by outside chemical and physical forces.

45
Q

What does base pairing lead to?

A

DNA being able to replicate and to transfer information as mRNA.

46
Q

What does the function of DNA depend on?

A

The sequence of base pairs that is possesses.

Biology 1.5 Nucleic Acids (5 decks)

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