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A Level Bio Paper 1 > Structure of eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasm containing membrane bound organelles so DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

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2
Q

Name the organelles that are in both animal and plant cells

A

Cell surface membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

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3
Q

What are the organelles specific to plant cells

A

Chloroplasts-in plants and algae
Cell wall-in plants algae and fungi
Cell vacuole- only in plants

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4
Q

Describe the strcuture of the cell surface membrane

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads-points to/ are attracted to water
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails-point away/repelled from water
Also has a phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane

A

Selectively permeable-enables control off passage of substances in/out of cell
Molecules/receptors/antigens on surface which allows cell recognition/signalling

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6
Q

Describe the structure of nucleus

A

Has a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane which also has nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus(dense region)
Protein/histone-bound,linear dna which contains a chromatin(condensed) and chromosome (very condensed)

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7
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

Holds/stores the genetic information which codes for polypeptides(proteins)
Site of DNA replication
Site of transcription(part of protein synthesis),producing mRNA
Nucleolus makes ribosomes/rRna

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8
Q

Describe the strcuture of a ribosome

A

mode of ribosomal RNA and protein
Not a membrane bound organelle

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9
Q

describe the function of a ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis(translation)

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10
Q

Describe the structure of RER and SER

A

Has lots of ribosomes-RER
Both made of system of membranes called cisternae

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11
Q

Describe the function of RER and SER

A

RER-Ribosomes are on the surface synthesising proteins
Proteins processed/folded/transported inside RER
Proteins packaged into Vesicles for transport e.g. to golgi appartus
SER- Synthesises and processes lipids e.g. cholesterol and steroid hormones

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12
Q

Describe the structure of golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles

A

Golgi A is flattened membrane sacs
Golgi V are small membrane sacs

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13
Q

Describe the fucntion of golgi A

A

Modifies proteins e.g. adds carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins
Modifies lipids e.g. adds carbohydrates to glycolipids
Packages proteins/lipids into the vesicles
Produces lysosomes (a type of golgi Vesicle

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14
Q

What is the function of Golgi V

A

Transports proteins/lipids to desired location e.g. moves to and fuses with cell surface membrane

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15
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A

Has a cell surface membrane and hydrolytci enzymes

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16
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A

To release hydrolytic enzymes(lysozymes)
To break down/hydrolye pathogens or worn out components

17
Q

Describe the strcucture of mitochondria

A

Outer membrane
Cristae-inner membrane fold
Matric containing small (70) ribosomes
Circular DNA

18
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A

Site of areobic respiration
To produce ATP for energy release e.g. for protein synthesis/vesicle movement/active transport

19
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts in plants and algae

A

Has a double membrane
Has a stroma which contains thylakoid membrane
small ribosomes
circular DNA
starch granules/lipid droplets
Lamella-thlyakoid linking grana
Grana-stacks of thylakoid

20
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts in plants and algae

A

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
To produce organic substances e.g. carbohydrates/lipids

21
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall in plants algae and fungi

A

Composed mainly of cellulose (a polysaccharide in plants/algae
Composed of chitin ( a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide in fungi

22
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall in plants algae and fungi

A

Provides mechanical strength to cell so it prevents cell changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis

23
Q

Describe the structure of the vacuole in plants

A

Has a tonoplast membrane and contains cell sap

24
Q

Describe the function of the vacuole in plants

A

Maintains turgor pressure in cell (stopping plant wilting)
contains cell sap which stores sugars, amino acids pigments and any waste chemicals

25
Q

Describe how eukaryotic cells are organised in complex multicellualr organisms

A

Tissue-Group of specialised cells with a similar structure working together to perform a specific function
Organ-aggregations of tissues performing specifc functions
Organ system-Group of organs working together to perform specific functions

A Level Bio Paper 1 (6 decks)

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