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NURSING 2 > Structure infection week 2 > Flashcards

Structure infection week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of valvular diseases?

A

Rheumatic heart disease
degenerative disease
infective endocarditis

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2
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Pressure problem

opening is narrowed

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3
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Volume problem

Valves do not close properly and blood flows backwards through valve

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4
Q

What is the management with both biological and mechanical valves?

A

Mechanical valve: Lifelong anticoagulant

Biological valve – anti-platelet for 6m—year then no more

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5
Q

Assessments for valvular diseases?

A

Heart sounds: murmurs S3, S4, PVC’s, pulse irregularities

Perfusion

Chest pain hemoptysis SOB fatigue palpitations weakness orthopnea paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea peripheral edema dizziness

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6
Q

Diagnostic tests for valvular disease?

A

Chest x-ray – cardiomegaly
CT chest
CBC
ECG- specific changes related to the valve
Cardiac Ultrasound Transesophageal echo / heart cath

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7
Q

Interventions for valvular disease?

A
  1. Meds to prevent or treat heart failure – anticoagulants antidysrhythmia agents
  2. Valve repair / replacement – may be percutaneous or surgery
  3. Na restrict- caffeine limit
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8
Q

Valvular complications for mitral stenosis

A

A-fib
Emboli
Stroke

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9
Q

Complications for mitral regurgitation

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy with pulmonary hypertension / edema

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10
Q

Complications for aortic stenosis

A

aortic dissection – sudden cardiovascular collapse

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11
Q

Complications from balloon valvuloplasty

A

bleeding pulmonary emboli

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12
Q

Patients with valve issues are more likely to develop what?

A

infective endocarditis

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13
Q

Medications for valvular disease?

A

Nitroglycerine
Antibiotics
Atenolol
Warfarin

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14
Q

Education for valve issues?

A 
Smoking ceasation 
Moderate exercise
Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures
hydration 
limit caffeine 
monitor for s/s HF 
Warfarin teaching
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15
Q

S/s heart failure

A

SOB, pedal edema, orthopnea, fatigue

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16
Q

What are s/s aortic stenosis

A

SAD
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnea

17
Q

Valvuloplasty

A 
Valve repair / replacement procedure. Different types include 
Commissurotomy
Annuloplasty
Leaflet repair
Chordoplasty
18
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Valve Repair and Replacement Procedures

19
Q

MitraClip
TMVR
TAVR
Surgical valve replacement

A

Valve Repair and Replacement Procedures

20
Q

Types of valve prostheses

A

Mechanical - warfarin lifelong

Bioprosthetic

21
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Broad term for abnormality in cardiac muscle

  • hypertrophic
  • dilated
  • restrictive

Treat like CHF

22
Q

Surgical interventions for cardiomyopathy

A 
Septal myectomy and alcohol septal ablation
Mechanical circulatory support
IABP
ECMO
VAD
TAH (Total Artificial Heart) 
Heart transplant
23
Q

Endocarditis - what?

A

infection of endocardium

The infection often colonizes the valve – referred to as vegetation

24
Q

Who is at risk for developing endocarditis?

A 
People who have had or have...
Prosthetic heart valve
Structural defect
Implantable device
Previous episode of endocarditis
Immunosuppression
Neutropenia
Malignancy
Intravenous drug use
Nosocomial hospital exposures
Central venous catheter
25
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

Pathogens can enter endocardium through dental or surgical procedures

26
Q

s/s infective endocarditis?

A

Fever & heart murmur will dev. W night sweats
Osler nodes
Janeway lesions
Roth spots
Splinter hemorrhage under nails
Petechiae on chest, abdomen conjunctiva and mucous membranes

27
Q

infective endocarditis treatment

A

Eliminate infection - culture needed

a. long term abx therapy (6m+)
- blood cultures needed to monitor fx of therapy
- serum blood levels of selected abx

b. long term IV access

28
Q

What is pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

29
Q

Describe the pain with pericarditis

A

Friction rub – worsens with deep breath, inspiration, coughing, lying down or turning

30
Q

Pericarditis treatment

A

relieve pain - NSAIDS

31
Q

Pericarditis diagnostic tool

A

12 lead ECG demonstrates ST elevation widespread

NURSING 2 (12 decks)

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