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Physiology: Kidney > Structure & function of the renal tubule > Flashcards

Structure & function of the renal tubule Flashcards

1
Q

Renal tubule

A

Segments - filtered fluid is converted to urine

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2
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

Same composition as plasma except no cells and very little protein

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3
Q

What happens to the Glomerular filtrate?

A

Modifications which take place along the tubule by the transport of solutes and water into and out of tubule.

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4
Q

Reabsorption

A

Tubular lumen to peritubular plasma

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5
Q

Secretion

A

Peritubular plasma to the tubular lumen

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6
Q

When does reabsorption take place

A

When the direction of movement is from the tubular lumen into peritubular capillary plasma

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7
Q

When does secretion take place?

A

When movement is in the opposite direction from the peritubular plasma into the tubular lumen

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8
Q

Active transport

A

Moving molecules/ion against conc gradient
Operates against an electrochemical gradient
Requires energy - driven by ATP

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9
Q

Passive transfer

A

Passive movement down concentration gradient (requires suitable route)
Active removal of one component = concentrates other components

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10
Q

Symport

A

Transported species move in same direction e.g. Na+ - glucose

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11
Q

Anti-port

A

Transported species move in opposite directions e.g. Na+-H+ antiport

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12
Q

Co transport

A

Movement of one substance down its concentration gradient = generates energy = allows transport of another substance against its concentration gradient

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13
Q

Transport in tubule

A

Combination of active and passive mechanisms = transcellular transport over luminal & basolateral membranes in either direction

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron

A 
Cortical nephron (DO NOT EXTEND INTO THE MEDULLA)
Juxta-medullary nephron (BETTER AT CONCENTRATING URINE)
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15
Q

What are the key differences in the nephrons?

A

Cortical - 85% short LoH

Juxta-medullary - 15% Long LoH

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16
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Directly adjacent to bowman’s capsule

High capacity for reabsorption

17
Q

What is Fancoi’s syndrome?

A

All PCT reabsorptive mechanisms deffective

18
Q

What is Fancoi’s syndrome?

A

All PCT reabsorptive mechanisms defective

19
Q

What are the characteristics of the PCT?

A

Highly metabolic, numerous mitochondria for active transport

Extensive brush border o luminal side = large surface area for rapid exchange

20
Q

Functions of Loop of Henle

A

LoH critical role in concentrating/diluting urine - adjusting rate if water secretion/absorption

21
Q

What are the 3 segements of the Loop of Henle?

A

Thin descending
Thin ascending - thin epithelial cells no brush border, few mitochondria and low metabolic activity
Thick ascending - Thick epithelial cells, extensive lateral intercellular folding, few microvilli, many mitochondria

22
Q

Medullary osmotic gradient

A

The gradient from cortex to inner medulla and the osmolality decreases

23
Q

What maintains the counter medullary osmotic gradient?

A

Countercurrent and Vasa Recta

24
Q

What can change the gradient in the Vasa recta?

A

Change in blood flow

25
Q

What does the vasa recta do?

A

Acts as a counter-current exchangbe system.
As the VS descends into the medulla water diffuses out and salts diffuse in
The reverse occurs when ascending

26
Q

DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule)

A 
1st part (macula densa) linked to juxtaglomerular complex 
2nd part very convoluted
27
Q

Connecting tubule

A

Connects end of DCT to collecting duct - mainly in the outer cortex
Similar functions to 2nd part of DCT

28
Q

Functions of the DCT

A

Solute reabsorption continues, w/out water reabsorption
Low water permeability
High Na+, K+- ATPase activity in the basolateral membrane
Further dilution of tubular fluid
ADH can exert actions
Role in acid-base balance

29
Q

What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct?

A

Intercalated cells- involved in acidification of urine and acid-base balance
Principal cells role to play in Na balance & ECF volume regulation

30
Q

What is the main function of ADH?

A

Conserve body water by reducing the loss of water in the urine

31
Q

What are the functions of the collecting duct ?

A

The medullary collecting duct is permeable to urea.

32
Q

How is the solute concentration built up in the medulla

A
  1. Active transport of Na+ and co-transport of K+ & Cl- of thick ascending limb into the medullary interstitium
  2. AT of ions from collecting ducts into medullary interstitium
  3. Facilitated diffusion of large amounts of urea from collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium
  4. Very little diffusion of water from ascending limbs of tubules interstitium

Physiology: Kidney (14 decks)

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