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Hematology/Lymph > Structure/Function of Immune System > Flashcards

Structure/Function of Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs of the immune system?

A
  • Red bone marrow (B cells)

- Thymus (T cells)

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2
Q

Characteristic of red bone marrow for the immune system

A
  • Flat bones and ends of long bones in adults

- Stem cells give rise to mature B cells and immature T cells

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3
Q

Characteristics of Thymus for the immune system

A
  • Immature T cells migrate to Thymus to mature into functional T cells
  • Two lobed organ posterior to sternum
  • Contains large number of T cells and macrophages
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4
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs of the immune system (where most immune responses occur)?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Lymphatic nodules
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5
Q

Characteristics of lymph nodes?

A
  • Heavily concentrated near axillae, mammary glands, and groin
  • Contain mature B cells, plasma cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
  • Filter lymph and trap foreign substances
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6
Q

What destroys trapped foreign substances within lymph nodes?

A
  • Macrophages

- Lymphocytes

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7
Q

Characteristics of the Spleen?

A
  • Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue
  • Located between stomach and diaphragm
  • Covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue
  • Contains two types of tissue
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8
Q

What are the two types of tissue in the spleen?

A
  • White pulp

- Red pulp

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9
Q

What is white pulp within the spleen?

A

Lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses

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10
Q

What is red pulp within the spleen?

A

Blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed

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11
Q

Characteristics of lymphatic nodules

A
  • Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule
  • Plentiful in connective tissue of GI, Urinary, and Reproductive tracts and respiratory airways
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12
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A
  • Adaptive (specific)

- Innate

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13
Q

What is included within Innate immunity?

A
  • Barriers provided by skin and mucous membranes (first line defense)
  • Various internal defenses (second line defense) such as:
  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Natural Killer cells
  • Phagocytes
  • Inflammation and fever
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14
Q

What is included within Adaptive (Specific) immunity?

A
  • Lymphocytes (called B and T cells)
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15
Q

What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity

- Antibody-mediated immunity

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16
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Refers to a wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us
- we are born with this type of immunity

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17
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis (ingestion of microbes and other particles)

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18
Q

What are Antibodies?

A 
Belong to a group of plasma proteins called globulins (therefore known as immunoglobulins) 
- each class has a distinct chemical structure and different functions
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19
Q

How many and what are the different classes of Immunoglobulins?

A

5:

  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgE
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20
Q

Characteristics of IgG

A
  • 80% of all antibodies in blood
  • Protects against bacteria and viruses
  • Only antibody that can cross placenta from mother to fetus
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21
Q

How does IgG protect against bacteria and viruses?

A
  • Enhances phagocytosis
  • Neutralizes toxins
  • Triggers the complement system
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22
Q

Characteristics of IgA

A
  • About 10-15% of all antibodies in blood
  • Found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and GI secretions
  • Levels decrease during stress
  • Provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses
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23
Q

Characteristics of IgM

A
  • About 5-10% of all antibodies in blood (also in lymph)
  • First antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after exposure to antigen
  • Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes
  • Antibody binds to A and B antigens during blood transfusion
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24
Q

Characteristics of IgD

A
  • About 0.2% of all antibodies in the blood (also in lymph)
  • On surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors
  • Primarily involved in B cell activation
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25
Q

Characteristics of IgE

A
  • Less than 0.1% of all antibodies in blood
  • Also located on mast cells and basophils
  • Primarily involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
  • Provides protection against parasitic worms
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26
Q

What type of barriers are found in the skin that covers the body and mucous membranes that line body openings?

A
  • Physical barriers

- Chemical barriers

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27
Q

What provides the physical barrier to the entrance of microbes?

A

Many layers of closely packed, keratinized cells (i.e. the epidermis)

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28
Q

What helps remove microbes from at the skin surface?

A
  • Continual shedding of the top epidermal cells

- Bacteria rarely penetrate an intact and healthy epidermis

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29
Q

What layer secretes mucus and what do they do?

A
  • Epithelial layer of mucus membranes
  • It lubricates and moistens the surface of a body cavity
  • Is sticky and can trap microbes and foreign substances
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30
Q

How does mucus membrane of the nose work?

A

Has mucus-coated hairs that trap and filter microbes, dust, and pollutants from inhaled air

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31
Q

How does mucus membrane of the upper airway work?

A

Contains cilia (microscopic hair-like projections) which propel inhaled dust and microbes that have become trapped in mucus toward the throat

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32
Q

What are the second line defenses once the skin and mucus membrane defense are broken?

A
  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural killer cells
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
33
Q

Body fluids contain what 4 main types of antimicrobial substances that discourage microbial growth?

A
  • Interferons (IFN’s)
  • The complement system
  • Iron-binding proteins
  • Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
34
Q

What are the Interferons?

A

Proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts that have been infected with viruses

35
Q

How do interferons work?

A

They stimulate protein synthesis in unaffected, neighboring cells that interfere with viral replication

36
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Can only cause disease if they can replicate within body cells

37
Q

What makes up the Complement system?

A

A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma membranes

38
Q

How do the complement system work?

A
  • Enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions
  • Create holes in plasma membrane of the microbe, leading to cytolysis
  • Causes chemotaxis
  • Some cause opsonization
39
Q

What is Cytolysis?

A

When extracellular fluid moves into hole in the plasma membrane of the microbe, causing the microbe to burst

40
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

Chemical attraction of phagocytes to a site

41
Q

What is Opsonization?

A

A process in which complement proteins bind to the surface of a microbe and promote phagocytosis

42
Q

How do iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria?

A

Reducing the amount of available iron

43
Q

What are Antimicrobial proteins (AMP’s)?

A

Short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity

44
Q

How do AMP’s work?

A
  • Kill a wide range of microbes

- Can attract dendritic and mast cells which participate in immune response

45
Q

Do microbes that are exposed to AMP’s appear to develop resistance?

A

No

46
Q

What is the nonspecific defense when microbes penetrate the skin/mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial substances in blood?

A
  • Phagocytes

- Natural Cell Killers

47
Q

How does Inflammation interact with immune response?

A
  • Defensive response
  • Events of inflammation:
    • Dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury
    • Prevent their spread to other tissues
    • Prepare site for tissue repair
48
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Heat
  • Swelling
49
Q

Can inflammation cause loss of function in the injured area?

A

Yes, depending on the site and extent of injury

50
Q

Why does abnormally high body temperature occur?

A

Because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset

51
Q

How does fever work in relation to immune response?

A
  • Intensifies effects of interferons
  • Inhibits the growth of some microbes
  • Speeds up body reactions that aid repair
52
Q

What is one common aspect of innate immunity?

A

They are not specifically directed against a particular type of invader

53
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve?

A

Production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen

54
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance, such as food, microbes, drugs, pollen, that the body recognizes as foreign

55
Q

Does the immune system include cells and tissues that carry out immune responses?

A

Yes

56
Q

What is self-tolerance?

A

Lack of reaction to the body’s own chemicals and tissues

57
Q

What are the two types of mature T cells that exits the Thymus?

A
  • Helper T cells

- Cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity

- Antibody-mediated immunity

59
Q

How does cell-mediated immunity work?

A
  • Triggered by antigens

- Cytotoxic T cells attack invading antigens

60
Q

How does antibody-mediated immunity work?

A
  • Triggered by antigens

- B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies

61
Q

What are cell-mediated immunity particularly effective against?

A
  • Intracellular pathogens
  • Some cancer cells
  • Foreign tissue transplants
62
Q

Basics Cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cells attacking cells

63
Q

Basics antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Works mainly against extracellular pathogens

64
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity also called?

A

Humoral immunity

65
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (form highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen

66
Q

Where does clonal selection of lymphocytes occur?

A

In the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

67
Q

What are the two major types of cells in a clone after a lymphocyte undergoes clonal selection?

A
  • Effector cells

- Memory cells

68
Q

Which cells in a clone die after the immune response has been completed?

A

Effector cells

69
Q

What cells do not participate in the initial response to the antigen?

A

Memory cells

70
Q

How do memory cells respond to an antigen?

A

By proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory cells

71
Q

How long of a life span do memory cells have?

A

They do not die at the end of the immune response and therefore can live for decades

72
Q

What are examples of antigens?

A
  • Microbes or parts of microbes
  • Chemical components of bacteriological structures (flagella, capsules, cell walls, bacterial toxins, viral proteins)
  • Pollen
  • Incompatible blood cells
73
Q

What are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins?

A

Protein “self-antigens” that are located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells

74
Q

Are MHC proteins unique?

A

Yes, unless you have a twin

75
Q

How many MHC molecules mark the surface of your body cells? Except for which one?

A
  • Thousands

- Except for RBC’s

76
Q

What is the normal function of MHC proteins and what else can they do?

A
  • Help T cells recognize an antigen is foreign

- Reason that tissue transplant can may be rejected

77
Q

What do antigens induce plasma cells to secrete?

A

Antibodies

78
Q

How many chains does most antibodies contain?

A

4 polypeptide chains

79
Q

What group of plasma proteins belong to and what are they called?

A

Globulins and as such are known as Immunoglobulins

Hematology/Lymph (8 decks)

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