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Hematology/Lymph > Structure/Function of blood > Flashcards

Structure/Function of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

A liquid connective tissue surrounded by extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the 3 different functions of blood?

A
  • Transportation
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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3
Q

How does blood function via Transportation?

A
  • Transports oxygen from lungs to cells throughout body
  • Carries nutrients from GI tract to body cells
  • Carries heat and waste products (including carbon dioxide) away from cells
  • Carries hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells
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4
Q

How does blood function with regards to Regulation?

A
  • Regulate the pH of body fluids
  • Heat-absorbing/coolant properties of water and rate of flow adjusts body temperature
  • Blood osmotic pressure influences water content of cells
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5
Q

How does blood function in a Protective regard?

A
  • Clots (becomes gel like, coagulation) in response to injury
  • White blood cells protect against disease
  • Contains additional proteins to protect against disease
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6
Q

How do WBC’s protect against disease?

A

Carry on phagocytosis and producing proteins called antibodies

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7
Q

What are the additional proteins contained within blood that help protect against disease?

A

Interferons and complement

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8
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

Slightly alkaline

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9
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38 C (100.4 F)

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10
Q

Blood is what percentage of total body weight?

A

8%

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11
Q

Is blood more dense and viscous than water?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the blood volume in average Male/Female?

A

Male: 5-6 Liters
Female: 4-5 Liters
- Difference due to body size

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13
Q

What are the two portions of Whole Blood?

A
  • Blood Plasma

- Formed Elements

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14
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances

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15
Q

What is the formed elements portion of blood?

A

Cells and cell fragments

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16
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements and what is the breakdown of those elements?

A
  • About 45% overall
  • Formed elements:
    99% - red blood cells
    <1% - White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets
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17
Q

What percentage of blood volume is known as plasma?

A
  • About 55%
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18
Q

What is Hematocrit and what are the normal ranges?

A
  • Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s(erythrocytes)
  • Male: 42-52%
  • Female: 37-47%
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19
Q

Buffy Coat cells refers to what?

A

WBC’s (Leukocytes)

Platelets

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20
Q

What is the Buffy Coat?

A

Very thin layer lying between packed RBC’s and blood plasma in centrifuged blood

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21
Q

What is the percentage breakdown of blood plasma?

A
  • 91.5% water
  • 7% proteins
  • 1.5% solutes other than proteins
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22
Q

Where are proteins in the blood synthesized?

A

Liver

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23
Q

What is the most plentiful plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, account for about 54% of all proteins

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24
Q

What does Hemoglobin do?

A
  • Gives whole blood red color
  • Transports Oxygen
  • Transports 23% of Carbon Dioxide
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25
Q

A healthy adult has roughly how many Erythrocytes per microLiter of blood?

A

4.8 (female) - 5.4 (male) million

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26
Q

How long do Erythrocytes (RBC’s) live?

A

About 120 days

27
Q

How many Leukocytes per microLiter of blood?

A

5K-10K

28
Q

How long do leukocytes live and what do they combat?

A
  • A few hours to a few days

- Combat pathogens and other foreign substances

29
Q

What do WBC’s contain?

A
  • Nucleus and full complement of other organelles

- Do not contain hemoglobin

30
Q

How are WBC’s classified?

A
  • Granular or Agranular
31
Q

What are the granular Leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
32
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Destroy bacteria through lysozymes, defensins, and granules

33
Q

What is the purpose of Neutrophils?

A
  • Conduct phagocytosis
  • nucleus has 2 lobes
  • Cytoplasm has very fine lilac granules
34
Q

What percentage of WBC’s are neutrophils?

A
  • 50-70% of all WBC’s

- Most abundant WBC

35
Q

What is the purpose of Eosinophils?

A
  • Suppress effect of histamine in allergic reactions
  • Phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes
  • Destroys certain parasitic worms
36
Q

What is high Neutrophils indicative of?

A

Bacterial infection

37
Q

What percentage of WBC’s are eosinophils?

A

1-5% of all WBC’s

38
Q

What is the purpose of Basophils?

A
  • Releases heparin, histamine, and serotonin

- These intensify inflammatory response in allergic reaction

39
Q

What percentage of WBC’s are basophils?

A

0-1% of all WBC’s

40
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes (WBC’s)?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

41
Q

What are the 3 cells within lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Natural Killer cells
42
Q

How are lymphocytes shaped?

A
  • Nucleus round or slightly indented

- Cytoplasm forms thin rim around the nucleus

43
Q

What do Lymphocytes do?

A

Mediate/Initiate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions

44
Q

What do B cells do?

A
  • Transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
45
Q

What do T cells do?

A
  • Attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells
46
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do?

A

Attack a wide variety of microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

47
Q

What percentage of WBC’s are lymphocytes?

A
  • 20-40% of all WBC’s

- 2nd most abundant WBC

48
Q

What do Monocytes do?

A
  • Phagocytic

- Will transform into a fixed histiocyte or wandering macrophage

49
Q

What is the percentage of WBC’s are monocytes?

A
  • 1-6% of all WBC’s
50
Q

What is the shape of monocytes?

A
  • Kidney or horseshoe shaped
  • Cytoplasm is blue/grey
  • Foamy appearance
51
Q

What is the purpose of Platelets?

A
  • Form platelet plug during hemostasis
  • Release chemicals that promote vascular spasm
  • Blood clotting (coagulation)
52
Q

How many platelets are there within 1 microLiter of blood?

A

150,000-450,000

53
Q

How long do platelets live?

A
  • 5-9 days

- Contain many vesicles but no nucleus

54
Q

What is Hemopoiesis (also called Hematopoiesis)?

A
  • Process by which the formed elements of blood develop

- Blood cell production

55
Q

What is the primary site of Hemopoiesis?

A
  • Red bone marrow

- Continues as source of blood cells after birth and throughout life

56
Q

What do pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to do?

A

Develop into different cell types

57
Q

What two cell lines do pluripotent stem cells differentiate into?

A
  • Myeloid

- Lymphoid

58
Q

What do Myeloid cell differentiate into?

A
  • Red cells
  • Platelets
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells
  • Basophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
59
Q

Where do Myeloid cells mature?

A

Bone Marrow

60
Q

Lymphatic cells differentiate into?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Natural Killer cells
61
Q

Where do lymphatic cells mature?

A
  • Begin development in bone marrow

- Mature in lymphatic tissue

62
Q

What are the two types of immature cells in peripheral blood?

A
  • Bands

- Blast

63
Q

What are band cells?

A
  • Immature neutrophils
  • > 10% considered abnormal and indicative of a left shift
    (left shift is usually a poor prognosis)
64
Q

What are blast cells?

A
  • Associated with myelodysplastic disorders (disorders that disrupt the production of blood cells)

Hematology/Lymph (8 decks)

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