Structure/Function of blood

Question 1

What type of tissue is blood?

Answer 1

A liquid connective tissue surrounded by extracellular matrix

Question 2

What are the 3 different functions of blood?

Answer 2

• Transportation
• Regulation
• Protection

Question 3

How does blood function via Transportation?

Answer 3

• Transports oxygen from lungs to cells throughout body
• Carries nutrients from GI tract to body cells
• Carries heat and waste products (including carbon dioxide) away from cells
• Carries hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells

Question 4

How does blood function with regards to Regulation?

Answer 4

• Regulate the pH of body fluids
• Heat-absorbing/coolant properties of water and rate of flow adjusts body temperature
• Blood osmotic pressure influences water content of cells

Question 5

How does blood function in a Protective regard?

Answer 5

• Clots (becomes gel like, coagulation) in response to injury
• White blood cells protect against disease
• Contains additional proteins to protect against disease

Question 6

How do WBC’s protect against disease?

Answer 6

Carry on phagocytosis and producing proteins called antibodies

Question 7

What are the additional proteins contained within blood that help protect against disease?

Answer 7

Interferons and complement

Question 8

What is the pH range of blood?

Answer 8

7.35-7.45

Slightly alkaline

Question 9

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 9

38 C (100.4 F)

Question 10

Blood is what percentage of total body weight?

Answer 10

8%

Question 11

Is blood more dense and viscous than water?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What is the blood volume in average Male/Female?

Answer 12

Male: 5-6 Liters
Female: 4-5 Liters
- Difference due to body size

Question 13

What are the two portions of Whole Blood?

Answer 13

• Blood Plasma

- Formed Elements

Question 14

What is blood plasma?

Answer 14

Liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances

Question 15

What is the formed elements portion of blood?

Answer 15

Cells and cell fragments

Question 16

What percentage of blood is formed elements and what is the breakdown of those elements?

Answer 16

• About 45% overall
• Formed elements:
  99% - red blood cells
  <1% - White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

Question 17

What percentage of blood volume is known as plasma?

Answer 17

• About 55%

Question 18

What is Hematocrit and what are the normal ranges?

Answer 18

• Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s(erythrocytes)
• Male: 42-52%
• Female: 37-47%

Question 19

Buffy Coat cells refers to what?

Answer 19

WBC’s (Leukocytes)

Platelets

Question 20

What is the Buffy Coat?

Answer 20

Very thin layer lying between packed RBC’s and blood plasma in centrifuged blood

Question 21

What is the percentage breakdown of blood plasma?

Answer 21

• 91.5% water
• 7% proteins
• 1.5% solutes other than proteins

Question 22

Where are proteins in the blood synthesized?

Answer 22

Liver

Question 23

What is the most plentiful plasma proteins?

Answer 23

Albumins, account for about 54% of all proteins

Question 24

What does Hemoglobin do?

Answer 24

• Gives whole blood red color
• Transports Oxygen
• Transports 23% of Carbon Dioxide

Question 25

A healthy adult has roughly how many Erythrocytes per microLiter of blood?

Answer 25

4.8 (female) - 5.4 (male) million

Question 26

How long do Erythrocytes (RBC's) live?

Answer 26

About 120 days

Question 27

How many Leukocytes per microLiter of blood?

Answer 27

5K-10K

Question 28

How long do leukocytes live and what do they combat?

Answer 28

- A few hours to a few days | - Combat pathogens and other foreign substances

Question 29

What do WBC's contain?

Answer 29

- Nucleus and full complement of other organelles | - Do not contain hemoglobin

Question 30

How are WBC's classified?

Answer 30

- Granular or Agranular

Question 31

What are the granular Leukocytes?

Answer 31

- Neutrophil - Eosinophil - Basophil

Question 32

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 32

Destroy bacteria through lysozymes, defensins, and granules

Question 33

What is the purpose of Neutrophils?

Answer 33

- Conduct phagocytosis - nucleus has 2 lobes - Cytoplasm has very fine lilac granules

Question 34

What percentage of WBC's are neutrophils?

Answer 34

- 50-70% of all WBC's | - Most abundant WBC

Question 35

What is the purpose of Eosinophils?

Answer 35

- Suppress effect of histamine in allergic reactions - Phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes - Destroys certain parasitic worms

Question 36

What is high Neutrophils indicative of?

Answer 36

Bacterial infection

Question 37

What percentage of WBC's are eosinophils?

Answer 37

1-5% of all WBC's

Question 38

What is the purpose of Basophils?

Answer 38

- Releases heparin, histamine, and serotonin | - These intensify inflammatory response in allergic reaction

Question 39

What percentage of WBC's are basophils?

Answer 39

0-1% of all WBC's

Question 40

What are the agranular leukocytes (WBC's)?

Answer 40

- Lymphocytes | - Monocytes

Question 41

What are the 3 cells within lymphocytes?

Answer 41

- T cells - B cells - Natural Killer cells

Question 42

How are lymphocytes shaped?

Answer 42

- Nucleus round or slightly indented | - Cytoplasm forms thin rim around the nucleus

Question 43

What do Lymphocytes do?

Answer 43

Mediate/Initiate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions

Question 44

What do B cells do?

Answer 44

- Transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Question 45

What do T cells do?

Answer 45

- Attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells

Question 46

What do Natural Killer cells do?

Answer 46

Attack a wide variety of microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

Question 47

What percentage of WBC's are lymphocytes?

Answer 47

- 20-40% of all WBC's | - 2nd most abundant WBC

Question 48

What do Monocytes do?

Answer 48

- Phagocytic | - Will transform into a fixed histiocyte or wandering macrophage

Question 49

What is the percentage of WBC's are monocytes?

Answer 49

- 1-6% of all WBC's

Question 50

What is the shape of monocytes?

Answer 50

- Kidney or horseshoe shaped - Cytoplasm is blue/grey - Foamy appearance

Question 51

What is the purpose of Platelets?

Answer 51

- Form platelet plug during hemostasis - Release chemicals that promote vascular spasm - Blood clotting (coagulation)

Question 52

How many platelets are there within 1 microLiter of blood?

Answer 52

150,000-450,000

Question 53

How long do platelets live?

Answer 53

- 5-9 days | - Contain many vesicles but no nucleus

Question 54

What is Hemopoiesis (also called Hematopoiesis)?

Answer 54

- Process by which the formed elements of blood develop | - Blood cell production

Question 55

What is the primary site of Hemopoiesis?

Answer 55

- Red bone marrow | - Continues as source of blood cells after birth and throughout life

Question 56

What do pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to do?

Answer 56

Develop into different cell types

Question 57

What two cell lines do pluripotent stem cells differentiate into?

Answer 57

- Myeloid | - Lymphoid

Question 58

What do Myeloid cell differentiate into?

Answer 58

- Red cells - Platelets - Eosinophils - Mast cells - Basophils - Neutrophils - Monocytes

Question 59

Where do Myeloid cells mature?

Answer 59

Bone Marrow

Question 60

Lymphatic cells differentiate into?

Answer 60

- T cells - B cells - Natural Killer cells

Question 61

Where do lymphatic cells mature?

Answer 61

- Begin development in bone marrow | - Mature in lymphatic tissue

Question 62

What are the two types of immature cells in peripheral blood?

Answer 62

- Bands | - Blast

Question 63

What are band cells?

Answer 63

- Immature neutrophils - >10% considered abnormal and indicative of a left shift (left shift is usually a poor prognosis)

Question 64

What are blast cells?

Answer 64

- Associated with myelodysplastic disorders (disorders that disrupt the production of blood cells)