Structure & Function - Lipids

Question 1

Ceramide

Answer 1

sphingosine + fatty acid

Question 2

Cerebroside

Answer 2

sphingosine + fatty acid + monosaccharide

Question 3

Sulfatide

Answer 3

Sphingosine + fatty acid + monosaccharide-sulfate

Question 4

Globoside

Answer 4

Sphingosine + fatty acid + oligosaccharide

Question 5

Ganglioside

Answer 5

Spingosine + fatty acid + oligosaccharide(contains NANA)

Question 6

NANA

Answer 6

n-acetylmeuraminic acid

Question 7

Cholesterol

Answer 7

(amphipathic) Has a free hydroxyl group

Question 8

Cholesterol ester

Answer 8

(hydrophobic) cholesterol + fatty acid

Question 9

Phosphatidylcholine(lecithin)

Answer 9

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline
most abundant
present in outer and inner leaflet

Question 10

phosphatidylethanolamine

Answer 10

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + ethanol amine
inner leaflet (with phophatidylserine)

Question 11

phosphatidylinositol

Answer 11

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + inositol
inner leaflet
phosphorylated to PIP2 –> hydrolyzed to –> IP3 and DAG
(G-protein pathway)

Question 12

triacylglycerol

Answer 12

(hydrophobic) glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 13

Glycerophospholipids

Answer 13

phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylinositil
DPPC (synthetic phophatidylcholine)

Question 14

Sphingophospholipid

Answer 14

sphingomyelin

Question 15

phospholipids

Answer 15

surfactant, low in premature neonates - respiratory distress syndrome(RDS).
glycerophospholipids
sphingophospholipid

Question 16

Glycolipids

Answer 16

amphipathic, sphingosine and fatty acid - two polar tails, carbohydrate group - polar head.  Present in the outer leaflet.  Part of the glycocalyx. 
cerebrosides
sulfatide
globoside
ganglioside

Question 17

Complex lipids

Answer 17

classified based on the non-lipid component:
phospholipids
glycolipids

Question 18

Functions of Cholesterol

Answer 18

cell/plasma membrane
bile acid/bile salt synthesis
steroid hormones
vitamin D

Question 19

Composition of myelin sheath

Answer 19

gangliosides
cerebrosides
glycolipids
sulfatide
spingomyelin
sphingophospholipid
cholesterol

Question 20

Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio)

Answer 20

measured in amniotic fluid
determine fetal lung maturity
>2 low risk RDS
<1.5 high risk RDS (common before 32 wks)
artificial (containing DPPC) can be delivered to mother

Question 21

Cardiolipin

Answer 21

glycerophospholipid
contains two molecules of phosphatidic acid linked by glycerol.
inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

Plasmalogens and Platelet activating factor (PAF)

Answer 22

phospholipids w/ether linkages (instead of ester) at C-1 of glycerol.

ether: R-O-R’
ester: R-C(=O)-OR’

Question 23

eicosanoids

Answer 23

grieved from 20-C PUFA arachidonic acid

two classes: prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 24

Prostoglandins

Answer 24

mediators of inflammation
cause pain, fever, redness
Thromboxane causes platelet aggregation

Question 25

Leukotrienes

Answer 25

mediators of allergic response

bronchoconstriction, itching

Question 26

essential fatty acids

Answer 26

humans cannot add a double bond after C-9
linoleic (6) and linolenic (3)
deficiency: scaly dermatitis, rough/dry skin, loss of hair