Structure, Function and Terminology Flashcards
What is regional anatomy?
Studies all of the structures within a particular region of the body e.g. the leg
What is systematic anatomy?
Studies the body 1 system at a time e.g. the cadiovascular system
What is surface anatomy?
Is the study of structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface e.g. when the location of a blood vessel is being determined in order to take blood or record a pulse
What is microscopic anatomy?
Studies structures too small to be seen without a microscope
What does microscopic anatomy include?
Cytology- the study of cells
Histology- the study of tissues
What is embryology?
Specifically concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
What is systemic physiology?
Is further subdivided into each of the body systems e.g. renal physiology studies kidney function and urine production
What is cellular physiology?
Focuses on how individual types of cell function; this requires understanding of chemical reactions that occur within cells and organelles
What is chemical level?
The basic level of organisation. Atoms combine to form molecules such as water, proteins and organelles
What is cellular level?
Cells are the smallest unit. Whilst all cells have common functions they vary widely in size and shape to reflect their unique roles
What is tissue level?
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
1) Epithelium 2) Muscle 3) Connective tissue and 4) Nervous tissue
What is epithelium tissue?
Covers the whole body and lines its cavities
What is muscle tissue?
Provides movement and protects organs
What is connective tissue?
Supports and protects the body organs
What is nervous tissue?
Provides rapid internal communication and response
What is organ level?
An organ is a discrete structure that is comprised of at least 2 types (commonly 4) tissue types. It performs complex functions for the body
What is organ system level?
Organs work together to achieve a common purpose
What is organisational level?
The sum total of all levels working together to keep us alive
What is the connection of bone to bone?
Ligaments
What is the connection of bone to muscle?
Tendons
What are the functions of life?
1) movement 2) excretion 3) respiration 4) reproduction 5) irritability/ responsiveness 6) nutrition 7) growth
What is metabolism?
This is regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine glands e.g. thyroid glands. It refers to all the chemical reactions in the body
What are catabolic reactions?
Break down complex organic molecule into simple ones. It produces more energy than they consume
What is anabolic reactions?
Combine simple molecules to form complex molecules. It consumes more energy than they produce
What is homeostasis?
Biological balancing. It indicates a state of dynamic equilibrium in which internal conditions vary within narrow limits.
What are narrow limits called?
Set points
What is homeostasis control?
All homeostasis control mechanisms have at least 3 interdependent components for the variable being regulated
What are the 3 interdependent component in homeostasis?
1) receptors 2) control centre 3) effector
What is the role of receptors?
The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it sends information to a control centre
What is the role of the control centre?
The control centre is the component that sets the range at which a variable is maintained and determines an appropriate response to the stimulus
What is the role of effector?
The receptor thus stimulated then responds by either enhancing the stimulus with positive feedback or depressing it with negative feedback
What is positive feedback mechanisms?
This mechanism is positive because the results are in the same direction as the initial change. Positive feedback is used to control infrequent events that do not require constant adjustments
What is negative feedback mechanisms?
These cause the variable to change in direction opposite to the initial change to return to the ‘ideal’ value
What is an example of positive feedback?
Formation of a platelet plug
What is an example of negative feedback?
rising blood glucose level
What is the anatomical position of the body?
the body is erect with feet slightly apart, the palms of the hands facing forwards and the thumbs pointing outwards
What does superior mean?
Towards the head or upper part of the body e.g. the head is superior to the abdomen
What does inferior mean?
Away form the head or towards the lower part of the body e.g. the navel is inferior to the chin
What does ventral (anterior) mean?
Towards or at the front of the body e.g. the breastbone is anterior to the spine
What does dorsal (posterior) mean?
Towards or at the back of the body e.g. the heart is posterior to the breastbone
What does medial mean?
Towards or at the midline of the body e.g. the heart is medial to the arm
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline of the body e.g. the arm are lateral to the chest
What does intermediate mean?
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure e.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk e.g. the elbow is proximal to the wrist
What does distal mean?
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk e.g. the knee os distal to the thigh
What does superficial (external) mean?
Towards or at the body surface e.g. the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
What does deep (internal) mean?
Away from the body surface e.g. the lungs are deep to the skin
The study of how the body functions is called?
Physiology
The study of the body structure is called?
Anatomy
A midsagittal section through the head would divide?
The right eye form the left eye
What are the 2 main body divisions?
Axial - head, neck and trunk
Appendicular - limbs attached to the axis
A frontal section through the head would divide?
The nose from the back of the head
A transverse section though the elbow would divide?
The shoulder from the hand
What does the middle abdominal regions include?
Right and left lumbar and umbilical
What does the lower right abdominopelvic quadrant include?
All of the right iliac region
Which of the abdominal region can be found in each of the 4 quadrants?
The umbilical
What does the lower abdominopelvic region include?
The right and left iliac and hypogastric
What are most of the organs in the ventral cavity partly or completely covered by?
Serous membrane
What is the layer of membrane lining the cavity wall called?
Parietal membrane
What is the membrane covering the organs called?
Visceral membrane
What is the heart covered by?
Pericardium
What are the lungs covered by?
Pleura
What are the abdominal organs covered by?
Peritoneum
