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Bioscience Module 1 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 basic functions of the digestive system?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Propulsion & mixing (deglutition & peristalsis)
  • Digestion (mechanical & chemical)
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
4) Serosa/ Adventitia

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the mucosa?

A

Inner layer lined with epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What does the mucosa do?

A

Lubricates the food to ease passage through the intestines

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5
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Supports the mucosa. Made of connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

Provides movement

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7
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Outmost, protective layer

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8
Q

What does the mesentery and mesocolon do?

A

Binds the small intestines to the wall

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9
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

2 folds around stomach and duodenum suspending them from the liver

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10
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

It folds itself twice and thus is 4 layered. Attaches itself along the stomach and duodenum, passes downward over the small intestines and upwards to the transverse colon.

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11
Q

What do the lips and cheeks do?

A

Help to keep food between teeth when chewing

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12
Q

What is the hard palate in the mouth?

A

Lies anterior, made of bone

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13
Q

What is the soft palate in the mouth?

A

Lies posterior, made of muscle

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14
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

Forms floor of the mouth, repositions and mixes food, initiates swallowing

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15
Q

What do the teeth do?

A

Tear and grind food

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16
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Converts starch to simple sugars

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17
Q

What is lingual lipase?

A

Starts the digestion of fat

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18
Q

What does deglutition mean?

A

Swallowing

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19
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A
  • Voluntary stage
  • The pharyngeal stage
  • The oesophageal stage
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20
Q

What happens in the voluntary stage of swallowing?

A

The tongue moves the bolus up and back into the oropharynx

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21
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

The bolus stimulates the receptors in the oropharynx, messages travel via 2 cranial nerves to the medulla and lower pons in the brain stem. Then instructions from the motor branches cause the soft palate and uvula to move upwards closing the nasopharynx.

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22
Q

What happens once food passes from the oropharynx into the laryngopharynx?

A

The larynx is pulled forward and upward under the tongue which results in the epiglottis and vocal cords being moved thus sealing off the respiratory tract

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23
Q

What happens in the oesophageal stage of swallowing?

A

Movement through the oesophagus is almost instantaneous for fluids and 4-8 seconds for semi solid foods.

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24
Q

What moves food through the muscular tube?

A

Penstalsis

25
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Upper left quadrant directly under the diaphragm, nearly hidden by liver and diaphragm

26
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  • Reservoir for food
  • Production of intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, mucus, HCL and gastric
  • Absorption, only water, alcohol and some drugs
  • Acts as a churn due to an extra 3rd layer of muscle
  • Has the enzymes to digest protein and fat, fat takes much longer to process in the stomach
27
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
28
Q

What is the cardia region of the stomach?

A

Top near oesophagus surrounding the cardiac sphincter

29
Q

What is the fundus region of the stomach?

A

Dome - shaped part tucked under the diaphragm

30
Q

What is the body region of the stomach?

A

Main part

31
Q

What is the pylorus region of the stomach?

A

Funnel - shaped. Ends in the pyloric sphincter

32
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

First part of the small intestine

33
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Lies behind the stomach. It is both endocrine (produces glucagon and insulin) and exocrine glands ( produces pancreatic juice)

34
Q

What does the pancreatic juice flow through?

A

Pancreatic ducts, hepatopancreatic duct and the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum

35
Q

What does the pancreatic juice contain?

A

HCO3- and enzymes

36
Q

What enzymes are in the pancreatic juice?

A
  • Pancreatic amylase (for carbohydrates)
  • Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, Procarboxypeptidase, Proelastase (for proteins)
  • Pancreatic lipase (for fats)
  • Ribonuclease, Deoxyribonuclease (for nucleic acid)
37
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

It is a muscular sac lined with a mucus membrane and is located behind the liver. When empty the lining folds to form rugae. It has a fundus, body and neck

38
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the gall bladder?

A
  • Storage of bile

- Bile is concentrated and mucus is added to protect the gall bladder lining

39
Q

What is bile?

A
  • It is made by hepatocytes and mainly contains waste materials from excretion e.g. bilirubin
  • Bile is an alkaline and is mad continuously but at varying rates according to need
  • It is highly coloured due to the presence of bilirubin, biliverdin and various salts
40
Q

What are bile salts?

A

They are important in the small intestine for the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats

41
Q

What is the liver covered by?

A

It is covered by by though fibrous capsule and visceral peritoneum and is held in place by ligaments

42
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A
  • Left
  • Right
  • Caudate
  • Quadrate
43
Q

What are lobules of the liver?

A

Each lobe contains many ‘hexagonal, lobules. Lobules are the functional units of the liver, they contain millions of hepatocytes

44
Q

What 2 large blood vessels supply the liver?

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal veins

45
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

They are fixed phagocytes found in the sinusoids to destroy damaged blood cells and pathogens

46
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
  • Nutrient inter - conversion
  • Detoxification of drugs and hormones
  • Recycling of erythrocytes and excretion of bilirubin
  • Storage of vitamins and some minerals
  • Activation of vitamin D
  • Produces bile
  • Produces cholesterol
47
Q

What are the stages of the small intestine?

A

Commences with the duodenum, then the jejunum, and finally the ileum

48
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Occurs due to segmentation in which localised areas alternately contract to mix chyme with alkaline digestive juices and to present it to the mucosa.

49
Q

What are the methods of transport from the small intestine into the bloodstream?

A
  • Secondary active transport
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Simple diffusion
50
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Completion of absorption for remaining water, electrolytes and vitamins
  • Production of vitamins, faeces and defecation
  • Secretion of mucus
  • Storage of indigestible food until elimination
51
Q

What is the internal sphincter?

A

Involuntary

52
Q

What is the external sphincter?

A

Voluntary

53
Q

What is haustral churning?

A

Occurs by filling of a haustrum to its maximum, followed by a haustral contraction followed by filling of a succeeding haustrum. chyme moves forwards and backwards whilst water, ions and vitamins are absorbed

54
Q

What is mass production?

A

Forcible peristaltic movements of short duration, occurring only 3 or 4 times a day, which moves the contents from the mid colon towards the anus. It is mediated by parasympathetic autonomic motor impulses; it is often stimulated by gastric filing

55
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A
  • The cephalic phase
  • The gastric phase
  • The intestinal phase
56
Q

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Where thought, sight and smell of food stimulates production of saliva and gastric juice is prepared for eating

57
Q

What is the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Begin as food enters the stomach. Gastric juice is secreted, cardiac sphincter then closes, pyloric sphincter opens slowly after gastric churning

58
Q

What is the intestinal phase?

A

Begins as chyme enters the duodenum slowly (to prevent overloading duodenum) prolonging stomach emptying time this is controlled by nerves and hormone, GIP.

Bioscience Module 1 (7 decks)

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