Respiratory System

Question 1

What is in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Nose, Pharynx and Larynx

Question 2

What is in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveoli

Question 3

What is the role of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

• Warms
• Humidifies
• Secretes lysozyme
• Filters and moves dust laden mucus to the pharynx

Question 4

What is the role of the nose?

Answer 4

In addition to respiration the nose is a resonating chamber fro speech and houses the scent receptors

Question 5

What are the 3 bones in the nose extending from the cavity wall?

Answer 5

Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

Question 6

What happens in the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

Air swirls around to enhance filtering, warming and wetting on inhalation and reverse these processes on exhalation

Question 7

What is the pharynx?

Answer 7

Tube of skeletal muscle which starts at the internal nares and extends to the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae

Question 8

What does the pharynx act as?

Answer 8

• A passageway for both food and air
• Houses the tonsils
• Acts as a resonance chamber for sounds

Question 9

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

Answer 9

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 10

What does the nasopharynx connect to?

Answer 10

With the middle ear via the left and right eustachian tubes which equalise pressure to prevent damage to the ears

Question 11

What is the nasopharynx?

Answer 11

It is blocked by the soft palate and uvula during swallowing. It is lined by pseudostratified epithelium which wafts mucus dust packages to the mouth

Question 12

What is the oropharynx?

Answer 12

It is lined by resilient stratified squamous epithelium. This contains the pair of palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils

Question 13

What is the laryngopharynx?

Answer 13

It is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. It connects with both the oesophagus and larynx

Question 14

What is the larynx?

Answer 14

Cartilaginous tube lined with mucus membrane anterior to vertebrae C4 - C6

Question 15

What are the pieces of cartilage that form the laryngeal box?

Answer 15

• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)
• Cricoid cartilage (Anchor for trachea)

Question 16

What is the laryngeal box?

Answer 16

Voice box

Question 17

What are the internal laryngeal muscles?

Answer 17

Control coal cord length and tension

Question 18

What are the external laryngeal muscles?

Answer 18

Control movement of whole larynx up and down

Question 19

What is the trachea?

Answer 19

Lined with mucous ciliated membranes. Divides into 2 main bronchi and is very flexible and mobile. Supported by 16 - 20 C shaped bands of cartilage which allows expansion into the trachea when swallowing

Question 20

In the lungs what do the main bronchi divide to form?

Answer 20

Lobar bronchi then segmental bronchi then bronchioles

Question 21

What are the lungs covered by?

Answer 21

Pleura

Question 22

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 22

3

Question 23

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 23

2 and is 10% smaller

Question 24

What are the 2 major types of epithelial cells that form the walls of alveoli?

Answer 24

• Type 1 = for gas exchange

- Type 2 = secretes surfactant

Question 25

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 25

Movement of air in and out of the lungs so that gases in the alveoli are continuously changed and refreshed

Question 26

What is inspiration?

Answer 26

Development of a negative pressure within the chest to allow air to flow in down a pressure gradient into the lungs

Question 27

What is expiration?

Answer 27

Thoracic volume decreases which increases intrathoracic pressure and air flows out

Question 28

What is external respiration?

Answer 28

Occurs at the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries because P02 is higher in air than in the deoxygenated blood. Independently CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction

Question 29

What is internal respiration?

Answer 29

Occurs between the blood in the capillaries and tissue cells throughout the body. This happens because of differences in the partial pressures of the gases

Question 30

How is oxygen transported?

Answer 30

98.5% is carried by erythrocytes as oxyhaemoglobin. When P02 is high oxyhaemoglobin binds tightly together and becomes saturated. When PC02 or temperature rises haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily

Question 31

How is carbon dioxide transported?

Answer 31

7% dissolves in plasma. Proteins in the blood pick up and carry another 23%. Mostly carried as carbaminohaemoglobin. The majority (70%) combines with water to form carbonic acid which separates into the hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Question 32

Where is the control of respiration?

Answer 32

Control primarily lies with neurones in the in the reticullar system of the medulla and pons.

Question 33

What does the medulla oblongata include?

Answer 33

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) and the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Question 34

What do the pons include?

Answer 34

The pontine respiratory group (PRG)

Question 35

What does the ventral respiratory group do?

Answer 35

Autorhythmically stimulates spontaneous ventilation

Question 36

What does the dorsal respiratory group do?

Answer 36

Responds to situations beyond those of resting breathing to alter the pattern for ventilation in respond to the physiological needs of the body

Question 37

What is reduced oxygen content in the blood called?

Answer 37

Hypoxia

Question 38

What is the rate and depth of breathing is mainly influenced by?

Answer 38

Changes in PC02, P02 and pH