structure, function and lung ventilation Flashcards by Veronica Arbona

The respiratory system is organized in 2 zones

conducting and respiratory

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components of conducting zone

nasal cavity, paranasal tissues, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminary bronchioles

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components of respiratory zone

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar duct and sacs

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function of lungs

respiration and ventilation

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respiration refers to

gas exchange

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ventilation refers to

Lung volumes and capacities
Volume dead space and physiological dead space
Inhalation and exhalation
Regional differences in ventilation

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The conducting zone is responsible for

leading inspired air to the gas exchanging regions of the lungs

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t/f the conducting zone has no part in gas exchange

true

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The transitional zone is part of the respiratory zone. What are part of that zone?

respiratory bronchioles

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the respiratory zone is responsible for

gas exchange occurs
Makes up most of the lungs

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volume of respiratory zone at rest

2.5 – 3 l at rest

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airways are organized in

generations

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conduting zone is up to what # generation

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Respiratory zone is up to what # generation

17-23

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volume of gas present in the conducting zone, DOES NOT TAKE PART IN GAS EXCHANGE is known as

anatomical dead space

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3 types of resistance

airways
lung tissue
chest wall

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t/f Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx provide more than 50% of the total resistance

true

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t/f Air flows with more resistance the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli

false, less resistance

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describe the anatomical features of the trachea

tubular, dependent in size depending on species
C shaped cartilaginous rings
contains smooth muscle = trachealis muscle
PSNS and SNS inn = vagus n.

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trachealis muscle

regulates diameter of trachea

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PSNS stimulation via ACATHYLCOLINE of trachea causes

bronchospasm

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SNS stimulation via EPINEPHRINE of trachea causes

BRONCHODILATION

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Acinus

anatomical unit –
Portion of lung distal to a terminal bronchioles

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Pores of Kohn

holes in the alveolar wall
facilitate collateral ventilation

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collateral ventilation

Ventilation of the alveoli through these passages or channels bypassing the normal airways

channels that make possible collateral ventilation

pores of kohn Intrabronchial Martin’s channels Bronchoalveolar Lamberts channels

Alveoli Structure , 2 types of epithelial cells

Alveolar Type I or Type I pneumocyte Alveolar Type II or Type II pneumocyte

Alveolar Type II or Type II pneumocyte produces

surfactant

surfactant functions by

Decreases collapsing pressure in the alveoli

Increases gas exchange Increased lung compliance Decreased work of breathing What substance is responsible for this?

surfactant

structure of surfactant

Lipoprotein mixture

lung functions

Respiratory Function Ventilation Metabolic function (Non- respiratory)

Respiratory Function

total process by which oxygen is supplied to and used by the body cells and CO2 is eliminated

Ventilation

movement of gas in and out of alveoli

Metabolic function (Non- respiratory)

Manufacture of the surfactant – keeps alveoli open Metabolism of some anesthetic drugs: lidocaine, fentanyl and propofol Inactivation of vasoactive substances like serotonin Acid-based balance

Angiotensive Converse Enzyme (ACE)

In Pulmonary Endothelium Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

factors that affect ventilation

body size level of activity body temperature

oxygen consumption depends on

metabolic rate

VO2 max describes

Maximal Oxygen consumption

gas exchange occurs by diffusion due to

pressure gradient from high pressure to low pressure

Fick’s law of diffusion

Amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness

3 factors that determine Fricks law

Driving force Surfacer area Wall thickness

the driving force in fricks law refers to the

pressure gradient

In which clinical situation gas exchange will be compromise?

Emphysema

MINUTE VENTILATION OR TOTAL VENTILATION (VE)

total volume of air breathed per minute

MINUTE VENTILATION OR TOTAL VENTILATION (VE) is calculated by 2 factors

Tidal volume and number of breaths per minute

Tidal Volume

Volume of each normal breath (inspiratory tidal volume or expiratory tidal volume) during resp. cycle

Number of breaths/minute

respiratory frequency

lower than normal ventilation

Hypoventilation

hyperventilation

higher than normal ventilation

How can you increase ventilation?

by increasing Respiuratory rate or tidal vol. or both

Inspiratory reserve volume

Maximum volume of air inhaled above the TV 3L

Expiratory reserve volume

Volume of gas expired from the end of the expiratory TV 1.2 L

Residual Volume

air remaining in the lung after a forced ventilation 1.2 L

lung volumes

inspiratory reserve vol. expiratory reserve vol. tidal vol. residual vol.

lung capacities

Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity Vital capacity Total lung capacity

Functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration volume reminding

Sum of Expiratory Reserve Vol. +Residual Vol.

Functional residual capacity

Inspiratory capacity

Amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration and distending the lungs to the maximum amount.

Sum of Tidal Vol.+ Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Inspiratory capacity

Vital capacity

max. amount of air in the lungs after a forced inspiration and expiration

Sum of Tidal Vol. +Inspiratory Reserve Vol+Expiratory Reserve Vol.

vital capacity

Total lung capacity

max. volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest inflation

suma of all the volumes =

Total lung capacity

ventilation is measured with

Classic spirometer Electronic spirometer

t/f No all volume from the total ventilation (VE) reaches the lungs

true

Alveolar ventilation

gas from the total ventilation which reaches the alveoli Participates in the gas exchange

Volume alveolar Dead space

all that volume of gas which DO NOT participate in the gas exchange – It remains constant

formula to determine total ventilation

Volume of gas in the dead space + Volume of gas in the alveoli

2 types of physiological dead space

Anatomical dead space Alveolar dead space

where there is alveolar dead space, there is no

blood perfusion

Clinical scenarios where dead space can be increased??

Decreased in CO – less blood sent into the lungs Alveoli no well perfused Embolism/ Thromboembolism

diaphragm is inn. by

phrenic nerve

exhalation is passive process in all animals except in

horses

vetilation realtionship between pressure and volume

Things move from high pressure to low pressure Inspiration – Thorax cavity and lung volume increases pressure decreases volume increases Expiration – Thorax cavity and lung volume decreases pressure increases volume decreases

Lower regions of the lungs

ventilate better than upper zones

Alveoli in the dorsal part

more distended, less compliant compared with the alveoli from ventral

ventilation occurs in a

vertical gradient

top alveoli are

less ventilated