Structure & Function

Question 1

Full structure of the skin:
Divided into epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue

Answer 1

Question 2

Epidermis layers:
5 major layers of ____. As you go from bottom to top, the cells get ___ and more ____.

Answer 2

Keratinocytes
Older
Differentiated

Question 3

___ ___ layer no longer has a nucleus. It is the toughest layer and the most full of keratin, proteins, and lipids

Answer 3

Stratum corneum

Question 4

Skin tissue is ____ ___ epithelium

Answer 4

Stratified squamous

Question 5

Histology of epidermis:

Answer 5

Question 6

The ___ ___ layer is rapidly proliferating stem cells and can be seen in this picture with melanin.

Answer 6

Basal cell

Question 7

____ ____ has a somewhat spiny appearance. It is multiple cells thick. Creating keratin filaments. Creating other proteins that will pack the filaments into bundles called tonofibrils.

Answer 7

Stratum Spinosum

Question 8

___ ___ is a more flat layer packed with keratin tonofibrils, keratohyaline granules, lamellar bodies.

Seen in the dark cell layer in the picture below.

Answer 8

Stratum granulosum

Question 9

In the stratum granulosum, ___ becomes ___ which is connected to lipids and prevents water loss.

Answer 9

Profilaggrin
Filaggrin

Question 10

___ ___ is not seen in every picture of the skin. It is only present in really thick skin such as on the heel or the palms. No nuclei, clear.

Answer 10

Stratum lucidum

Question 11

____ ___ is a layer of keratinized cells without nuclei that are about to be sloughed off. Elongated and skinny cells.

Answer 11

Stratum corneum.

Question 12

It takes ___ days for a cell to travel from the basal lamina to the stratum corneum to be sloughed off

Answer 12

28

Question 13

Table:

Answer 13

Question 14

____ connect cells to the basement membrane

Answer 14

Hemidesmosomes

Question 15

Proteins and connectors:

Answer 15

Question 16

Cytokerstin filaments become more abundant as you go from the basal lamina to stratum spinosum. they pack together to form ___ ___ and then placed into ___ ___.

Answer 16

Keratin tonofibrils
Lamellar bodies

Question 17

Hemidesmosome connects the ___ to the basement membrane and ____.

Answer 17

Epidermis
Dermis

Question 18

___ ___ is a condition where the patient has antibodies to portions of hemidesmosomes, leading to tense vesicles and Bullae. Tense meaning the vesicles are in between the ___ and ___.

Answer 18

Bulbous pemphigoid
Dermis
Epidermis

Question 19

____ are cell to cell connections. They anchor the cytoskeleton.

Answer 19

Desmosomes

Question 20

____ ___ is an autoimmune disease with antibodies to portion of the desmosomes, leading to flaccid vesicles and bullae. Keratinocytes pull apart from each other. The basal membrane is still intact.

Answer 20

Pemphigus vulgaris

Question 21

_____ is the loss of cell to cell adhesion, resulting in flaccid vesicles.

Answer 21

Acantholysis

Question 22

_____ are derived from neural crest cells. They produce packed pigment into melanosomes for the keratinocytes.

Answer 22

Melanocytes

Question 23

___ ___ are mechanoreceptors essential for sensing light touch and are located in the basal layer. They also release ___ and _____ when activated

Answer 23

Merkel cells
Serotonin
Neuropeptides

Question 24

___ ___ are immunosurveillance cells, derived from monocytes, present antigens to T cells

Answer 24

Langerhans cells

Question 25

Dermis contains:

Answer 25

Ground substance, collagen, elastic fibers, glands, hair follicles, somatic sensory and sympathetic autonomic nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, Pacinian corpuscles

Question 26

Hypodermis (subcutaneous) contains:

Answer 26

Adipose tissue, (not technically part of the skin, but is important to the skin)

Question 27

The dermis has a ____, ___ border due to dermal papillae and epidermal pegs/ridges.

Answer 27

Wavy Irregular

Question 28

Dermis division: ____ layer contains loose connective tissue, type one and type three collagen, fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, and type seven collagen. ____ layer contains dense, irregular connective, tissue and elastic fibers

Answer 28

Papillary Particular

Question 29

Picture of reticular layer stained for elastic fibers:

Answer 29

Question 30

Important accessory structures in the dermis:

Answer 30

Question 31

___ Sweat glands extend from the skin surface down into the dermis. They are located all over the skin. They perform thermal regulation. They are innervated by ___ ___.

Answer 31

Eccrine Cholinergic fibers

Question 32

____ sweat glands are located in auxiliary and perineal regions. They open into hair follicles. Develop in response to sex hormones. Innervated by ___ ___.

Answer 32

Apocrine Adrenergic fibers

Question 33

___ ___ are found in just under the upper dermis, especially in fingertips, palms and soles and sense light touch ___ ___ are deeper in the dermis and hypodermis. They detect vibration and pressure.

Answer 33

Meissner’s Pacinian

Question 34

Blood vessels: ___ ___ provides nutrients to the epidermidis. ___ ___ is lower in the dermis and into the subcutaneous layer. Both participate in thermal regulation with ____ ___ of blood flow, depending on the needs of the body

Answer 34

Subpapillary plexus Deep plexus Ateriovenous shunting

Question 35

Keratinization:

Answer 35

Question 36

Answer 36

Question 37

Answer 37

Desmoglein 3 and 1

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

Review:

Answer 39

Question 40

____ (dry skin) is a condition that affects the stratum corneum, reducing its ability to retain moisture, and leading to scaly itching, and sometimes inflammation

Answer 40

Xerosis

Question 41

___ ____ (eczema) involves the stratum corneum. A defective skin barrier allows allergens to penetrate the skin leading to itching and inflammation

Answer 41

Atopic dermatitis

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

Atopic dermatitis also results and disrupted ___ ___ ___. Mutation in the gene encoding ____ have been identified as a risk factor for the development of a subset of atopic dermatitis

Answer 43

Epidermal water barrier filaggrin (FLG)

Question 44

Atopic dermatitis:

Answer 44

Question 45

____ of the stratum spinosum give this layer its spiny or prickle cell appearance. Numerous enter collating, cytoplasmic processes (spines) how old are together by desmosomes.

Answer 45

Desmosomes

Question 46

Desmosomes interact with ___, and intermediate filament. Other adhesion proteins involved in desmosomes are ___, ____, ____, and ___.

Answer 46

Keratins Desmocollin Desmoglein Plactoglobin Desmoplakin

Question 47

Hemidesmosomes link ___ ___ of epithelial cells to laminin in the basal lamina. Adhesion proteins ___ and ___.

Answer 47

Intermediate filaments Integrin Collagen XVII

Question 48

Stratum granulosum: _____ granules are masses of Filaggrin and trichohyalin. They promote aggregation of ____ filaments into course bundles called ___.

Answer 48

Keratohyalin Keratin Tonofibrils

Question 49

What are the physical and molecular features that support the epidermal-dermal attachment?

Answer 49

Question 50

___ and ___ are adapter protein components of the hemi desmosomes, which make connections with the keratin filaments

Answer 50

Dystonin Plectin

Question 51

____ ____ ___: caused by defects in laminin and collagen XVII resulting in the detachment of basal cells from basal lamina. Blistering

Answer 51

Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa

Question 52

___ ___ ___: caused by defects in type VII collagen (anchoring fibrils) resulting In the detachment of the basal lamina from the lamina reticularis. Blistering

Answer 52

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Question 53

____ ___ are at sites of mechanical stress. In thick skin, the mitotic basal surface of the epidermis greatly exceeds its free surface. As a result, more cells per unit time enter stratum cornea in ___ versus ___ skin.

Answer 53

Epidermal pegs Thick Thin

Question 54

___ ___ is a blistering skin disease that occurs most commonly and elderly individuals. It is an auto immune disorder characterized by antibodies against the hemidesmosomal proteins.

Answer 54

Bullous pemphigoid

Question 55

Answer 55

Question 56

Skin cell types:

Answer 56

Question 57

Interdigitating ___ ___ and ___ ___ reinforce the dermal-epidermal Junction

Answer 57

Dermal papillae Epidermal pegs

Question 58

Eccrine sweat gland secretions are primarily composed of ___ and ions such as __, __, and ___. Apocrine sweat gland secretions are more ___.

Answer 58

Water Na, Cl, and K Viscous

Question 59

The ___ ___ of sweat glands reabsorbs ions to prevent excessive loss. Degree of reabsorption depends on rate of sweat production

Answer 59

Duct segment

Question 60

___ ___ of sweat glands contain clear cells that secrets ___ ___, dark cells that secrete ___ and ___, and Myoepithelial cells that surround secretory portions and ___ to move secretions into the ducts.

Answer 60

Secretory segment Interstitial fluid Mucins and dermcidin Contract

Question 61

___ ___ is a few spiraling dendrites, surrounded by Schwann cells and a connective tissue capsule. Located in dermal papillae. Sense light touch.

Answer 61

Meissner’s corpuscle

Question 62

____ ____ is a single dendrite surrounded by multiple layers of cellular lamellae separated by fluid filled spaces. Located in deep dermis and hypodermis. Sense pressure and vibration.

Answer 62

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 63

Papillary dermis versus reticular dermis:

Answer 63

Question 64

Answer 64

C. Filaggrin

Question 65

Answer 65

Question 66

Answer 66

Question 67

Answer 67

Present antigen to T cells

Question 68

Answer 68

Question 69

Answer 69

A

Question 70

Answer 70

Question 71

Answer 71

Question 72

Answer 72

Question 73

Answer 73

C

Question 74

Answer 74