Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5TH YR- CMS2- Kidneys and Liver > Structure and Functions > Flashcards

Structure and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

How many kidneys do we have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are the kidneys found

A

lie extraperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the kidneys surrounded by

A

Fat in the retroperitoneal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the kidney made up of

A
  1. Outer correct that contains glomeruli, tubules and vessels,
  2. Inner medulla, containing the loop of Henle and medullary collecting tubules.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is found in kidneys

A

Nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are nephrons

A

A functional filtering unit of the kidney comprising a glomerulus and the renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens at the glomerulus

A

The afferent arteriole divides into several golmerilar capillaries to form a loop of capillaries that make up the glomerular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the glomerulus enclosed in

A

An epithelial cell capsule called Bowmans capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Bowmans capsule connected with

A

It is continuous with the basement membrane of the glomerulus and also with the start of the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the tubule consist of

A
  1. First proximal tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal tubule that drains into the collecting ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to uri found int eh collecting ducts

A

It drains into the pelvis of the kidney
Then travels to the bladder via the ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does teh structure of the glomerulus allow for

A

Permits the production of an ultra filtrate of plasma consisting of water containing only small solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the ultra filtrate of plasma go in the glomerulus

A

Passes across the glomerular filtration barrier into the urinary space and then into the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is found next to the glomerulus

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Where the afferent arteriole arrives and the efferent arteriole leaves the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus a rich source of

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is renin

A

A hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does renin do and how

A

Contributes to the control of blood pressure, salt and water homeostasis via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Also maintains vascular tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the ultra filtrate of plasma as it passes through the tubules

A

It is modified
ie some substances may be reabsorbed into the capillaries
and some may be actively transported out the capillaries secreted to the tubular lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does most of the absorption of the ultra filtrate of plasma occur

A

At the proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

A

60% of filtered water, sodium, chloride and potassium
100% of glucose
95% of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is 100% of glucose not reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

A

If the filtered load of glucose exceeds reabsorption capacity when the plasma glucose level is very high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can incomplete reabsorption of glucose lead to and in whom

A

glycosuria in diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Other than absorption and secretion what else does the kidney do

A

It can vary the volume and concentration of urine depending on water intake and body fluid status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens when the water intake is high

A

Water is excreted in excess of solute in a dilute urine that is hypo osmolar compared to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens when water intake is low

A

Water is retained by the kidney and a concentrated urine that is hyperosmolar compared with plasma is excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the formation of dilute vs concentrated urine occur

A

depends on the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is special about the loop of Henly

A

There is a different permeability of the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of henly

29
Q

Where is teh medullary osmotic gradient highest in the loop of henly

A

Highest at the tip of the loop in the inner medullar and papilla

30
Q

How is renal function described

A

As the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

31
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate equal to

A

The sum of all the filtering nephrons

32
Q

How do we assess the glomerular filtration rate

A
  1. Insulin clearance
  2. Plasma creatine concentrations
33
Q

How does insulin clearance give an assessment of glomerular filtration rate

A

As insulin can only be cleated by filtration at the glomerulus it provides a very accurate estimate of the GFR

34
Q

What is the problem with using insulin clearance to measure GFR

A

Insulin as to be infused intravenously so this method is more of a research tool

35
Q

What is creatine produced by

A

Muscle turnover

36
Q

What happens to creatine in teh kidneys

A

As it is small it is freely filtered at teh glomerulus and NOT reabsorbed or metabolised to any significant extent

37
Q

Why can we use plasma creating concentration to assess GFR

A

As creating is not reabsorbed in the kidneys it can be used as a rough guide to GFR

38
Q

What is the drawback of using plasma creatine concentration to assess GFR

A

Creatine is secreted by the renal tubules so may be higher concentration than expected

39
Q

What does metabolism produce

A

Hydrogen ions (proteins)

40
Q

What is the problem with hydrogen ions

A

They are acidic so lower pH so myst be buffered to maintain body pH

41
Q

Name the most widespread buffer system in THE body

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

42
Q

State the chemical formula of how bicarbonate buffers hydrogen ions

A

H+ +HCO3− => H2CO3 => CO2 +H2O

43
Q

Can the bicarbonate buffering system go on forever

A

no as there is limited bicarbonate in teh body

44
Q

What happens when the buffering system needs to be regenerated

A

Protons need to be excreted from the body

45
Q

How is bicarbonate regenerated

A

By the kidneys Where it is remade and also reabsorbed from the urine

46
Q

How do the kidneys achieve net secretion of protons

A

by generating and excreting ammonium (NH4+) in urine
Also by excreting protons bound to other buffer

47
Q

Describe the ultra filtrate of plasma found at teh glomerulus

A

Consists of water and very small solutes only

48
Q

Talk through the journey the ultra filtrate of plasma goes through from the glomerulus

A
  1. Passes into the Bowmans capsule
  2. Passes into proximal tubule
  3. Travels down the nephron where it is modified via active and passive ion transport
  4. Reaches collecting duct
49
Q

Name the main determinants of extracellular volume

A

Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
The amount of these 2 ions controls body extracellular volume

50
Q

List the main functions of the kidney

A
  1. Control of acid base balance
  2. Regulation of body fluid volume and composition
  3. Excretion
  4. Endocrine activity
  5. Blood pressure control
51
Q

What do ten kidneys need to excrete

A

Waste products of metabolism, urea, creatine, potassium and hydrogen ions (protons)
Also excretes many drugs and their metabolites

52
Q

What do we need to consider if kidney function is reduced

A

The dose of water soluble drugs needs to be reviewed and reduced as they are excreted via kidneys

53
Q

Which vitamin does the kidney have a role in synthesising

A

Synthesises the vitamin D metabolite

54
Q

Name the vitamin D active metabolite

A

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol

55
Q

What is the significance of calcitriol

A

Acts on the gut to increase calcium and phosphate uptake
Also feeds back to suppress the parathyroid hormone
Reduces osteoclast activity

56
Q

Where is the parathyroid hormone released from

A

Parathyroid glands

57
Q

Which hormone does the kidney produce

A

erythropoietin

58
Q

What is the significance of erythropoietin

A

Acts on the bone marrow to maintain red cell production and thus haemoglobin concentration

59
Q

Name the system that controls blood pressure via the kidneys

A

renin–angiotensin– aldosterone system

60
Q

How are the kidneys involved in controlling arterial blood pressure

A

Through the regulation of salt, water balance and vasoconstriction

61
Q

What is renin synthesised by

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in response to carious stimulus

62
Q

What does renin do

A

It cleaved to angiotensin to form angiotensin I

63
Q

Where is angiotensin synthesised

A

The liver

64
Q

What happens to angiotensin 1

A

If is converted into angiotensin II By angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

65
Q

Where are angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) found

A

In the lungs and endothelial cells

66
Q

What does angiotensin II do

A

Binds to at least 2 receptors:
1. AT1
2. AT2

67
Q

What effect does the binding to AT1 by angiotensin II have

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Aldosterone and vasopressin release
  3. Water and salt retention in kidneys
  4. Sympathetic nervous system activation
68
Q

What effect does the binding to AT2 by angiotensin II have

A

Anti proliferative and remodelling effects

5TH YR- CMS2- Kidneys and Liver (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions