Kidney disease Flashcards
Give examples of inherited renal diseases
- Autosomal dominent polycystic Kidney disease (ADPKD)
- Reflux nephropahty
- renal stone disease
- Hypertensive nephrosclerosis and atheromatous reno vascular disease
- Renal osteodystrophy
Name the most common inherited renal disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
What is the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Between 1 in 400 and 1 in 1000
What is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease characterised by
The development and enlargement of renal cysts typically progression to end stage renal failure
What is reflex nephropahty also known as
Chronic pyelonephritis or Vesicoureteric reflux
When does Vesicoureteric reflux occur
When there is a congenital abnormality of the junction between the ureter and bladder such that urine can flow from the bladder back up the ureter to the kidney
What is Vesicoureteric reflux associated with
An increased risk of urinary tract infections and renal scarring which can lead to hypotension and progressive renal failure
How common is renal stone disease
Up to 10% of adults int eh western world will suffer from renal stones at one point
What are renal stones made up of
Most are made up of calcium oxalate
(rarely made up of uric acid or cystine)
What can renal stones cause
- Renal colic
- Haematuria
- Urinary tract infection
- Obstruction
What is a common cause of renal dysfunction in teh elderly
Renal vascular disease in those patients with arterial disease
Which minerals does the kidney control level of
Calcium and phosphate
When does phosphate retention occur
In chronic kidney disease
When does Hyperphosphataemia occur
usually once GFR is below 25–30 ml/min.
what is a consequence of hypocalcaemia
Parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands
What is the significance of the parathyroid hormone
It maintain calcium homeostasis by increasing bone remodelling to release calcium and phosphate thus increases renal reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate
What can continued parathyroid stimulus be due to
hyperphosphataemia and hypocalcaemia in Chronic liver disease
What can continued parathyroid stimulus cause
Hypertrophy of the parathyroid gland and hyperparathyroidism
What renal osteodystrophy may patients with chronic kidney disease suffer from
- Osteomalacia
- Osteitis fibrosa cystica
3, Uraemia osteodystrophy - Adynamic bone disease
How can raised parathyroid hormone be treated
With vitamin D supplements
What can severe arterial calcium deposition result in
tissue ischaemia with skin necrosis, called calciphylaxis
How can end stage renal failure be treated
- Haemodialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Renal transplantation
What does Haemodialysis require and what does it do
It required access to the circulation to allow pumping of blood through a dialysis machine
The dialysis machine essentially works as an artificial kidney
What does a Haemodialysis machine aim to do
Remove waster products such as urea and creatine from the blood
Absorbs bicarbonate into the blood
