structure and functional organization of the lymphatic and immune systems

Question 1

this type of tissue is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes:

Answer 1

lymphatic tissue

Question 2

what is interstitial fluid that passes into the lymphatic vessels called?

Answer 2

lymph

Question 3

what is the main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid and lymph?

Answer 3

plasma has more protein because plasma protein molecules are too large to filter through capillary walls.

Question 4

how many L of fluid filter from blood into the tissue spaces each day?

Answer 4

20 L

Question 5

how many L of blood filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries returns to the blood by reabsorption at the venous end of the capillaries?

Answer 5

17 L

Question 6

how many L per day passes first into the lymphatic vessels before being returned to the blood?

Answer 6

3 L

Question 7

what are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 7

drain excess interstitial fluid
transport dietary lipids (A,D,E, and K absorbed by the GI tract)
carry out immune response

Question 8

how do the lymphatic capillaries form a “one way door” for interstitial fluid?

Answer 8

the endothelial cells that make up the wall are not attached end to end, but are overlapped. when pressure increases they separate slightly, but when pressure is increased internally they adhere closer.

Question 9

what are located at intervals along the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 9

lymph nodes, with masses of T and B cells

Question 10

what are the two main channels that lymph eventually passes through?

Answer 10

the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct

Question 11

which duct is the main lymph collecting duct and receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs?

Answer 11

the thoracic duct

Question 12

which lymphatic duct drains the lymph from the upper right side of the body

Answer 12

the right lymphatic duct

Question 13

where does the thoracic duct and and the right lymphatic duct ultimately empty its lymph?

Answer 13

thoracic- left internal jugular and left subclavian junction

right limphatic- the same but the right side

Question 14

what are the two pumps that maintain the flow of lymph?

Answer 14

skeletal muscle pump

respiratory pump

Question 15

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 15

red bone marrow

thymus

Question 16

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 16

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules

Question 17

which part of the lymphatic organs are plentiful in the connective tissue in mucous membranes lining the GI tract, urinary, and reproductive tracts and respiratory airways?

Answer 17

lymphatic nodules

Question 18

what are the two types of tissue in the spleen?

Answer 18

white pulp- contains B and T cells

red pulp- blood filled sinuses where worn out blood cells and platelets are removed.

Question 19

what is innate immunity?

Answer 19

we are born with it
fast acting
no memory

Question 20

two lines of defense for innate immunity?

Answer 20

1st line- skin and mucous membranes

2nd line- antimicrobial, phagocytes, NKC, inflammation, and fever

Question 21

how does the skin act as a physical barrier for the immune system?

Answer 21

closely packed and stacked keratinized tissue

continual shedding of the top epidermal cells

Question 22

what are the four main types of antimicrobial substances that discourage microbial growth in the 2nd line of defense?

Answer 22

interferons
complement system
iron binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins

Question 23

how to interferons work?

Answer 23

IFN’s diffuse into neighboring (uninfected) cells where they stimulate synthesis of protiens that interfere with viral replication

Question 24

how does the complement system work (one of the subcategories of the antimicrobial substances)?

Answer 24

they “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions.

Question 25

what are three types of ways the complement system can work?

Answer 25

cytolysis
chemotaxis
and opsonization

Question 26

what are the four signs and symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 26

redness, pain, heat, and swelling

Question 27

what is the effect of having a fever as an immune response?

Answer 27

intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of microbes, speeds up body reactions that aid repair

Question 28

what is an antigen?

Answer 28

any substance, such as microbes, food, drugs, pollen, or tissue-that the immune system recognizes as foreign (non self)

Question 29

what is it called when a persons adaptive immune system cells recognize and do not attack their own tissues and chemicals?

Answer 29

self tolerance

Question 30

what are the two major types of mature T cells that exit the the thymus?

Answer 30

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

Question 31

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 31

Cell mediated immunity (specific)

and antibody mediated immunity (memory)

Question 32

what is the trigger for both types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 32

antigens

Question 33

with this type of adaptive immunity, cells directly attack invading antigens?

Answer 33

Cell mediated.

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack

Question 34

With this type of adaptive immunity, Cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secret specific proteins called antibodies

Answer 34

antibody mediated immunity.

B cells

Question 35

this type of adaptive immunity is very effective against intracellular pathogens, like viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are inside cells, some cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants

Answer 35

cell mediated immunity

Question 36

since antibody immunity involves antibodies that bind to antigens in body fluids, such as blood and lymph, what is it also referred to as?

Answer 36

humoral immunity

Question 37

Why would an antigen provoke both types of adaptive immune responses?

Answer 37

due to the fact that there are usually many copies of the antigen throughout body. Some may be presents in cells, some may be present in extracellular fluid.

Question 38

where does clonal selection of lymphocytes occur?

Answer 38

in the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

Question 39

what are the two types of cells in the clone that are produced when a lymphocyte undergoes clonal selection?

Answer 39

Effector cells and memory cells

Question 40

What are the types of effector cells?

Answer 40

helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and plasma cells (which are part of a B cell clone)

Question 41

T/F? Memory cells play an active role in the initial immune response?

Answer 41

False. They are available to initiate a swifter response if the antigen enters the body again in the future.

Question 42

These are referred to as “self antigens” and they are located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells?

Answer 42

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins

Question 43

antibodies belong to a group of plasma proteins called what?

Answer 43

Globulins, also known as immunoglobulins.

Question 44

immunoglobulins are grouped into how many classes? and how are they desginated?

Answer 44

Five different classes. IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.

Question 45

Which group of antibodies appear first and have a relatively short life, so that there presence indicated a recent invasion?

Answer 45

IgM antibodies

Question 46

Which antibody Globulin helps identify the cause of an illness in a sick patient?

Answer 46

IgM

Question 47

Resistance of the fetus and newborn to infections stems mainly from what?

Answer 47

IgG antibodies that cross the placenta before birth, and IgA antibodies in breast milk.